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Learning Perspective
The theoretical viewpoint that focuses on how behavior changes as a result of experience and learning. behaviorist/social learning theory’s.
Personality isn’t traits, unconscious conflicts, or anything that cannot be directly observed.
John B watson
An influential psychologist known for his work on behaviorism and the effects of learning.
Behaviorism
A theoretical view of personality that emphasizes observable behaviors and how they are influenced by rewards and punishments in the environment.
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a specific response. Requires a reflex - An existing connection between a stimulus and a response, such that the first causes the second.
Habituation
The decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time. The simplest kind of learning. Involves Desensitization.
Generalization
Responding in a similar way to stimuli that are somewhat different.
Discrimination
Responding differently to different stimuli.
Extinction
The reduction of a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
Social Learning Theory
The perspective that emphasizes learning through modeling, imitation, and social interactions. Rotter/Bandura
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others and modeling their behavior. Requires attention, retention, production and performance.
Memory
The cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
Priming
Activating specific elements in memory to make associated concepts more accessible. Subliminal (below consciousness) & Supraliminal (above consciousness).
Connectionism
An approach to understanding cognition based on interconnected neural pathways for information processing. Activation is excitatory (+)or inhibitory (-)
Dual-Process Models
Models that propose two different modes of cognition - one effortful and one automatic, with behavior influenced by both rational and experiential systems.
Cognitive-experiential self-theory
A theory by Epstein that includes the rational system and the experiential system, suggesting behavior is influenced by both but can vary in engagement levels.
excitatory activation.
can enhance the accessibility of certain concepts or memories, making them more likely to be brought into consciousness.
inhibitory activation
can suppress the activation of certain nodes, making associated concepts less accessible
Emotional conditioning
: Classical conditioning in which the conditioned response is an emotional reaction
Higher order conditioning
An event in which a former conditioned stimulus now acts as an unconditioned stimulus in a new instance of conditioning
Operant conditioning
skinner : A learning process where behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences like rewards or punishments, shaping future actions.
Negative/positive as subtraction/addition, not bad/good.
Positive reinforcement/punishment
Adding something to increase behavior/decrease behavior
Negative reinforcement/punishment
Taking something away to increase behavior/decrease behavior
continious reinforcment
a type of operant conditioning where a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs, leading to rapid learning and high response rates.
partial reinforcment
conditioning method where a response is only reinforced part of the time. It's more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement.
Shortcomings of Classic Behaviorism
•It ignores motivation, thought, and cognition •It is based on research using animals, ignoring aspects that may be more important for humans •It ignores the social dimension of learning •It treats the organism as passive
Rotters Model of social learning
Theory proposing that behavior is influenced by reinforcement and expectations of outcomes. Involves internal and external locus of control. Primarily concerns decision making and the role of expectations.
Expectancy value theory:
Behavioral decisions are determined not just by the presence or size of reinforcements, but also by beliefs about the likely results of behavior
Specific expectancies:
The belief that a certain behavior at a certain time and place will lead to a specific outcome
Generalized expectancies
General beliefs about whether anything you do is likely to make a difference
Internal locus of control:
those with high generalized expectancies and thus tend to think that what they do affects what happens to them
External locus of control
Those with low generalized expectancies and tend to think that what they do will not make much difference
Bandura’s Model of Social Learning
Theory proposing that individuals learn by observing others' behaviors and the consequences of those actions. People learn by their environments. Believed efficacy expectations should be key target for therapeutic interventions and that increases in self-efficacy can increase motivation and performance.
efficacy expectations
refer to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully execute a specific task or behavior
The Cognitive Perspective of Personality
two assumptions • We integrate and organize bits of information • Life involves elaborate decisions that may be conscious or unconscious • Includes concepts such as memory, decision making, and mental representations
Semantic memory
Memory organized according to meaning
Episodic memory
Memory organized according to sequences of event
Script
A memory structure used to represent a highly stereotyped category of even
Mischel's theory of personality
emphasizes the importance of five cognitive-social learning person variables: competencies, encoding strategies and personal constructs, expectancies, subjective values, and self-regulatory systems and plans. Involved in understanding how individuals perceive and interact with their environment, shaping their behavior and personality traits. Laid the foundation for the Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS)
Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS)
theoretical framework that conceptualizes personality as a complex system comprising interconnected cognitive processes and emotional tendencies.Emotion plays an important role in cognition.
Personality schemas are structured as "if... then..." contingencies.
Hedges are cognitive mechanisms used in uncertain situations.
used for understanding both self and others.
Individual differences in personality arise from variations in schema accessibility and if... then... contingencies.
Behavior signature reflects the unique profile of if... then... relations in an individual.
Understanding how individuals construe situations is essential for predicting their behavior.
