Personality Psychology Midterm

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153 Terms

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Personality

Consistencies in people's thoughts, feelings, and behavior over time and across situations

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Personality (textbook)

Individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, plus psychological mechanisms behind those patterns

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Trait Approach

Focuses on individual trait differences; provides relative info (e.g., more/less sociable); usually correlational data

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Trait Approach example

Study measuring correlation between social behavior and self-reported trait of extraversion

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Biological Approach

Focuses on influence of neuroanatomy, biochemistry, genetics, and evolution

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Biological Approach example

Comparing resting levels of cortisol to reported neuroticism

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Psychoanalytic Approach

Focuses on processes within the unconscious mind

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Psychoanalytic Approach example

Rating initial judgment of people who resemble romantic partner vs random faces

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Cognitive Approach

Focuses on influence of conscious thoughts

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Cognitive Approach example

Comparing self-perceived academic ability vs GPA

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Cultural Approach

Focuses on influence of social and cultural contexts on personality

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Cultural Approach example

Comparing self-evaluation between American and Chinese students

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Phenomenological Approach

Emphasizes that perception is more important than objective reality

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Humanistic Approach

Focuses on personal growth and free will

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Construct

Idea about a psychological attribute that cannot be seen directly but affects visible things (e.g., intelligence, gravity)

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Psychopathy

Behavioral style of deception, deceit, exploitation, antisocial behavior, and lack of empathy

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Impulsivity

Lack of self-control

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Delay of gratification

Resisting immediate temptation to wait for a better reward

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Psychological triad

The combination of how people think, feel, and behave

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BLIS framework

Main data sources in personality psychology—Behavioral, Life, Informant, Self data

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S-data (Self-report)

Information from the person about themselves

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S-data pros

Access to thoughts, feelings, intentions; lots of info; causal force; easy

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S-data cons

Bias, error, too simple

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S-data example

Questionnaire asking "How extraverted are you?"

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I-data (Informant report)

Info from people who know the individual

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I-data pros

Real-world basis, common sense, causal force

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I-data cons

Limited info, bias, lack of private access

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I-data example

Friends rating someone's extraversion

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L-data (Life outcomes)

Objective, verifiable data about life events

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L-data pros

Objective, intrinsically important, psychologically relevant

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L-data cons

Multi-determined, may lack psych relevance

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L-data example

Arrest record for speeding (risk-taking)

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B-data (Behavioral observations)

Info from observing behavior

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B-data pros

Wide range of contexts, objective appearance

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B-data cons

Expensive, uncertain interpretation

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B-data example

Observing if someone initiates conversation

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Reliability

Consistency of results

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Validity

Degree to which a test measures what it's supposed to

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Test-retest reliability

Giving same test later to check consistency over time

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Internal consistency

Comparing items within a test to ensure they measure the same thing

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Inter-rater reliability

Checking if different raters produce similar results

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Face validity

Does the test seem to measure what it claims?

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Predictive validity

Does the test predict outcomes it should predict?

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Convergent validity

Is it related to other trusted measures?

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Discriminant validity

Is it unrelated to measures it shouldn't be?

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Construct validity

Combines all other types of validity

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Case study

In-depth study of one person; useful for rare phenomena; not generalizable

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Correlational study

Examines natural relationships between variables; cannot infer causality

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Experiment

Manipulates IV and measures DV; can establish causality

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Correlation coefficient

Size = strength, sign = direction of relationship

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Independent variable (IV)

Variable manipulated by researcher

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Dependent variable (DV)

Variable measured by researcher

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WEIRD sample

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic; limits generalizability

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Internal consistency (term)

Reliability measure comparing items within a test

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Measurement error

Random variation from uncontrollable influences

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Factor analysis

Statistical technique finding clusters of related items or traits

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Generalizability

Extent results hold under different conditions; includes reliability + validity

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Social desirability bias

People answer to appear favorable

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Demand characteristics

Participants guess study purpose and change behavior

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Statistical significance

Result unlikely due to chance

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False positive

Finding a relationship that doesn't exist

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Questionable research practices

P-hacking, small samples, excluding data, or misreporting hypotheses

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Reproducibility

Can methods and analyses be duplicated?

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Replicability

Do we get same results when study repeated?

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Open science

Disclose all methods, share data, include null results, use large samples

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Ethics in research

Protect participants, minimize harm, respect privacy, report data honestly

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Deception in research

Acceptable only when necessary and benefits outweigh risks

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Evaluates study risks and ensures ethical standards

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P-level

Probability result occurred by chance

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P-hacking

Analyzing data multiple ways and only reporting significant results

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Effect size

Magnitude of a result or relationship

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Publication bias

Significant results more likely to be published

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Person-situation debate

Which matters more—personality or situation?

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Situationist perspective

Personality traits don't predict behavior much (small correlations)

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Personality response

Correlations are meaningful; personality still predicts behavior

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Situational constraint

External factors limit expression of personality

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Fundamental attribution error

Overattributing behavior to personality instead of situation

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Interactionism

Behavior = interaction of personality and situation

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RAM (Realistic Accuracy Model)

Relevance → Availability → Detection → Utilization

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Good judge

Attends to relevant cues and elicits honest responses

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Increasing self-knowledge

Observe yourself in new situations, meet new people, try new things

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

Expectations influence behavior to make them come true

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Moderator effect

Variable that changes the relationship between two variables

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Consensus

Agreement between judges; reliability

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Accuracy

Agreement with actual behavior; predictive validity

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Constructivism

No objective reality—only human interpretations

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Critical realism

Combine all evidence to best judge accuracy

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Lexical approach

Traits important to humans appear in all languages

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Statistical approach

Uses correlations/factor analysis to find clusters of traits

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Theoretical approach

Identifies traits based on theory

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Typological approach

Groups people into personality types

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Typological pros

Simple and intuitive categories

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Typological cons

Subjective; loses nuance within types

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Big Five—Openness

Creative, curious; linked to art, liberalism, drug use

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Big Five—Conscientiousness

Reliable, organized; predicts success, health, longevity

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Big Five—Extraversion

Outgoing; predicts leadership and social status

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Big Five—Agreeableness

Kind, cooperative; predicts forgiveness, relationships, health

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Big Five—Neuroticism

Emotionally unstable; predicts stress, poor relationships, divorce

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Big Five critiques

Too broad, atheoretical, descriptive not explanatory

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Mean-level change

Change in average level of a trait over time