Biology II Lab Practical 2 Study Guide

Lichen

Composite organisms that arise from a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae (or cyanobacteria)

Mycelium

A network of white, intertwined filaments (hyphae)

Hyphae

Each individual filament that makes up the mycelium

What are the cell walls of hyphae made up of? Function of that substance?

Chitin; Helps protect the fungi and prevents the fungi cells from swelling and bursting due to osmotic uptake of water

Septa

The cross walls in the hyphae that divide the hyphae up; They function in the dividing the hyphae and in transporting nutrients

What is this an image of?

Hyphae

What structure is the left box pointing to?

Septa

Why are hyphae important?

They secrete digestive enzymes to break down food and they absorb nutrients and other organic molecules

Spores released by fungi germinate and produce what?

Haploid hyphae

Plasmogamy

Occurs when the cytoplasms from the terminal cells of hyphae from two parents fuse

Heterokaryon

When the cytoplasms of two mating types unite and now there is a single cytoplasm containing haploid nuclei from two different parents

Karyogamy

When the haploid nuclei in a heterokaryon will fuse to produce a single diploid nucleus

What is the cell called after karyogamy? What is its ploidy level?

A zygote; Diploid

What is the cell called after plasmogamy? What is it ploidy level?

Heterokaryon; Heterokaryotic

Fruiting Body

The structure that contains all of the spore-producing structures in a fungi

What is the red box referring to?

Hyphae

What is the green box referring to?

Fruiting Body

What is the blue box referring to?

Mycelium

Fungi that lack septa are called

Coenocytic (aseptate)

What is the black box referring to?

Septum

What is the blue box referring to?

Hypha

Sporangium

Capsule structures belonging to fungi that produces and stores reproductive spores

Zoospores

Spores created by chytrids that contain one diploid nucleus in a small amount of cytoplasm and a flagellum

What is the box referring to? Function?

Sporangium; They store and produce spores

What is the red box referring to? Function?

Sporangiophore; Contains the sporangium which stores and produces spores

What is the black box referring to? Function?

Sporangium; Stores and produces spores

Zygosporangium

When two gametangia fuse to produce a single large cell; It is heterokaryotic

What are these showing?

Sporangiophores

What are the dark masses at the tip of the sporangiophores?

Sporangia

What is this picture showing? Function?

Zygosporangium; Produces zygospores which later go on to divide by meiosis and produce haploid spores

What type of fungi is called the black bread mold?

Rhizopus (part of phylum Zygomycota)

What is the ascus?

A saclike sexual reproductive structure that produces haploid spores; It is found in all fungi in phylum Ascomycota

What is conidia?

Asexual reproductive spores produced by many species in the phylum Ascomycota

Zoospores are characteristic of which phylum of fungi?

Chytridiomycota

Zygospores are characteristic of which phylum of fungi?

Zygomycota

Asci and conidia are characteristics of which phylum of fungi?

Ascomycota

What are conidiophores?

Broomlike structures that are specialized sporangia that produce asexual spores called conidia

Ascocarps (a cup-shaped fruiting body) is characteristic of which phylum?

Ascomycota

What are these? Function?

Conidiophores; They produce spores called conidia

What is this?

Ascocarp

What are contained inside asci?

8 ascospores

Where are asci found?

At the tip of an ascocarp

What is the box pointing to?

Ascospores

What are 8 of those little black circles contained in?

An ascus

What is this entire diagram showing?

An ascocarp

What is the arrow referring to?

Asci

What are the basidia?

They are structures that contain basidiospores

What is found on the underside of a mushroom?

Gills

Basidia are found on the what of a mushroom?

Gills

What is the black box indicating?

Basidium

What is the red box indicating?

Basidiospores

What is the black box indicating?

Basidium

What is the red box indicating?

Stalk

What is the green box indicating?

Cap

What is the purple box indicating (underside of the mushroom)?

Gills

What is this showing?

Basidiocarp

Basidiocarp? Characteristic of which phylum?

A type of fruiting body; Characteristic of Basidiomycota

Mushrooms are a fruiting body called a

Basidiocarp

What is the orange box referring to?

Gill

What is the black box referring to?

Basidium

What type of lichen is this?

Crustose

What type of lichen is this?

Crustose

What type of lichen is this?

Foliose

What type of lichen is this?

Foliose

What type of lichen is this?

Fruticose

What type of lichen is this?

Fruticose

What is this?

Ascocarp

What is this?

Basidiocarp

What is this?

Basidiocarp

What is the black box referring to?

Basidiospores

What is the red box referring to?

Basidium

What are arbuscules? Function?

They are when the hyphal tips of fungi flare out when the fungi penetrates the cell wall of plants; They are the site of nutrient exchange between the plant and the fungi

What association/fungi is this showing?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi

What is black box referring to?

Hypha

What is the red box referring to?

Arbuscle

What association/fungi is this?

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

What are those? What do they contain?

Asci; Ascospores

What is the arrow pointing to?

Conidiophores

What is this?

Ascocarp

What is this association/fungi?

Endotrophic Mycorrhiza

Bilateral symmetry

When organisms are mirror images along a midline; They can be divided into symmetrical halvesR

Radial symmetry

When body parts are arranged around a central axis

Porifera have what type of symmetry?

Radial

Cnidaria have what type of symmetry?

Radial

Platyhelminthes have what type of symmetry?

Bilateral

Sponges are in which phylum?

Porifera

Jellyfish are in which phylum?

Cnidaria

Hydra are in which phylum?

Cnidaria

Flatworms are in which phylum?

Platyhelminthes

What species is this? Which phylum?

Sponge; Porifera

What is spongocoel?

The central cavity of a sponge

What is osculum?

The opening end of the sponge

What are these? Function?

Spicules; Provides structural support and protection

What is this? Phylum? Symmetry?

Scypha; Porifera; Radial

What is green box?

Osculum

What is blue box?

Spongocoel

Which phylum is this?

Porifera

What type of cells cover the outer surface of sponges?

Pinacoderm cells

What cells are water drawing into for sponges?

Porocytes

What gives sponge’s surface a spiky appearance?

Spicules