classical Greece world civ

polis

name for a city-state. they are independent

deme

the living areas inside of a polis. similar to a neighborhood

synoikism

uniting the small villages to make a bigger polis. they did this for trade and protection, federation would form

acropolis

the high city area where people go when under attack. has food, water weapons, and treasury.

agora

the economic and cultural center. religious ceremonies take place and voting. the center of all activity

hoplites

moved in phalanx fighting technique. heavily armed soldiers in Greece with heavy shield, narrow eyesighted

phalanx

fighting technique that did not work on uneven ground. best soldiers in the front and back, weakest soldiers in the middle

athenian education

was made for males; done by private tutors. women were not educated- shows low status of women

citizens, residents, underclass

athenian social class

athenian citizen

able to vote and/or hold office. had to have Greek qualifications

greek qualifications

born natively, had to be male, had to own property, had to be 18-20

athenian residents

foreigners, women, and children. still protected over the law

Athenian underclass

slaves. became enslaved by capture in warfare, and from debt

athenian government

arkhons, councils, assembly

arkhons

governors in athens- serve one year terms

councils

two types- boule and Areopagus. boule have the most power. areopagos are former arkhons- they understand the needs of the city

assembly

all of the citizens eligible to vote (excluding women). has collective power

government before democracy

basileus, monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, tyranny, democracy

monarchy

rule of one

aristocracy

rule of the best. benefiting themselves and the people in their social class

oligarchy

rule of the few (exclusive). a handful of people- not all bad

tyranny

rule seized by an individual usually through an overthrow. self-made monarchs who were previously in the lower classes.

democracy

rule of the mob. majority of the people have control. people elect their officials

polity

rule of many- republic form of government. elect officials to make decisions for us

draco

known for the strict/harsh set of laws he created as an Athenian judge revolving around murder and revenge

solon

trusted by both the rich and the poor- he was a part of the upper class and treated the lower class fairly

persistratus

took control of Athens after solon. people put marginalized groups to overtake the tyrannical government of his sons.

kleisthenes

athenian leader who led a revolt in Athens that promises them democracy. Created new constitution, expansion of boule, assembly change, ostracism, equality

ostracism

a political process where citizens could vote to exile an influential person to decrease the rate of tyranny

athenian democracy

no one can serve on the council more than once, and all citizens can hold office

greek qualifications

native born, had to be male, had to be 18-20, had to own property

sparta

known for military culture and discipline. architecture is not impressive, very religious

rehtra

the spartan way of life to work as a warrior

homoioi

full spartan citizen. means “to belong.” given helots (slaves) and land when chosen as warrior

periokoi

the important role is the overseer of helots. he’ll build roads, keep control of the helots, won’t vote, be a part of the assembly, nor the army

apothetae

“the depository.” men would look over the physical features of an infant. if any imperfections, then the infant would be thrown over the mountain

agoge

the spartan military training school strictly for boys. boys would be put through a process of schooling to become a warrior

infanticide

the removing of unwanted infants, mostly girls. this happened with the unfit baby boys in sparta

spartan women

expected to be fit, mothers, and marry

spartan decline

from decline in population

spartan government

oligarchy. two kings: generals that have religious power. one in warfare and one at city when fighting

ephors

the old men of sparta. had to be 60, past soldier, controlled city

gerousia

over the age of 60- advisory council of 28 elders

persian wars

persians were maintaining dominance over countries and Greek city-states. Greek cities rebelled led by the city of Miletus. It took 6 years for Persians and Darius I to put it down (Ionian revolt).

miltiades

the general who was in charge of the Athenian defenses in Persian war second invasion.

third Persian invasion

battle of Thermoplyae. persian leader xerxes launches a force from land and sea to avenge his father (Darius) and defeat Greece. A bridge was made to be a highway for 1 million people to cross into Greece

first Persian invasion

darius sends the military against mainland Greeks to get back at Athenians for burning their temple. Athens and Sparta refuse to submit to Persia. Former tyrant of Athens believes he can make Athenians surrender. leads to the battle of marathon.

second Persian invasion

battle of marathon. miltiades was Athens general. sends runners to Sparta to receive help but spartan have religious holidays. plan is to meet persians at coast. Greeks win battle; they use phalanx and hamstring tactic.

xerxes

persian leader. daruis’ son. had a slave announce about the Athenians. a harsh leader- split a body in half for not wanting to fight

battle at salamis

naval battle between greek city-states and Persian navy. Greek army hides and destroys persian fleet. Thermistokles lures Persian army to the Strait of salamis to attack persians. Greeks win

thermistokles

leader of the Delian league and Greek’s naval leader. ostracized and ends up in Persia.

triremes

greek naval ships. use wind and human power to operate. main weapon is the battering ram in the front to sink other ships

age of perikles

perikles is the leader of Athens through their golden age. greek city-states rebel against Delian league control. Athens creates cleruchies (military outposts) on the land of their allies.

delian league

Greek naval alliance led by Athens, but the Treasury is in Delos. Treasury is out of reach of other city-states who want to steal from it.

golden age of athens

time of Delian league and trade expands under Cimon with intro of drachma

drachma

silver currency introduced by Cimon which made trade expand.

cimon

athenian general that was exiled for 10 years after offering assistance to Sparta.

sparta during Athens golden age

in decline because of an earthquake and leads to helot revolt, and prominent generals accused of aiding Persians.

peloponnesian wars

Greek against Greek war. Athens and Sparta. Athens dominates the sea and Sparta the war on land. Sparta invades Attica and limits food for Athens. Plague broke out in Athens. Athens is defeated. real winner is persia- gains Greek cities.

peace of nicias

a truce between athens and sparta that was supposed to last for 50 years during the Peloponnesian wars after perikles dies

alcibiades

athenian general. nephew of perikles. convinced athens to undertake an invasion of Syracuse on the island of sicily. defects Sparta and tells them how to beat athens

post Peloponnesian war

to defeat Athens, Sparta offered Persia several cities in exchange for gold

battle of luektra

Spartans vs. thebans. the spartan army warriors mystique was broken. after the battle, Thebes freed the messenians and Messene was reestablished as ccity-states. Thebes gains hegemonic control of Greece.

lykourgos

lawgiver of Sparta. credited with setting up the rhetra. he created the spartan constitution

leonidas

led the Spartans during the battle of thermopylae to help the Greeks go against the persians (xerxes).

archidamus

king of Sparta at the beginning of Peloponnesian league. invaded attica.

cleon

leader of Athens after the death of Pericles. a war hawk (defensive techniques) against sparta

nicias

made treaty that implied 50 years of peace between Athens and sparta

lysander

spartan leader who led the victory over Athens that ended the Peloponnesian war.

pericles

greek general during the golden age of Athens. took money from the Delian league to build the Parthenon and athena’s statue

darius

persian king during the Persian wars to get back at Athens burning down their temple.

mardonius

persian leader for the first Persian invasion. hit with a rock.

solon accomplishments

took away the draco laws, council of 400

kleisthenes accomplishments

4 part constitution, expanded boule- 400 people to 500 (gerrymandering), adult males are assembly members, ostracism, freedom of speech

persian wars results

athens becomes the most powerful city-state, delian league is organized and allied with other city-states, dominated alliance which turned into Athenian empire

peloponnesian war results

greece becomes a multi-polar system, democracy survives in Athens, Sparta declines, real winner is persia- additional Greek city-states