vitamin a functions
vision-to adjust to dim light and the color purple
immune function
formation of mucosa
vitamin a deficiency
skin changes
saliva secretion
immune changes
impaired bone growth
vision changes
RARE IN US-due to pregnancy, CF, malabsorption
vitamin a toxicity
headaches
double vision
liver damage
hair loss
bone deformities
birth defects
ESP IN PREGNANCY
vitamin a forms
alcohol, aldehyde, acid
-from food sources
vitamin a carotenoids/storage
alpha, beta, cryptoxathin (converted to retinol)
stored in adipose tissue
vitamin a sources
red peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, carrots
vitamin d functions
maintain CA levels (GI and kidney absorption)
cell growth
immune and neuromuscular function
vitamin d deficiency
low Ca and P absorption
rickets
decreased bone growth
bone malformation
teeth decay
vitamin d toxicity
kidney damage
calcification of soft tissue
bone weaknesses
vitamin d forms
D3: cholecalciferol
D2: ergocalciferol
PROHORMONE
regulated by the parathyroid hormone
vitamin d sources
dairy
fortified cereals
fish sources (tuna, salmon, cod fish oil)
vitamin e function
antioxidant
cell membrane protection
inhibits cell division
platelet aggregation
increases vasodilation
immune function and gene expression
vitamin e deficiency
hemolysis
anemia
peripheral neuropathy
skin lesions
vitamin e toxicity
increases anticoagulation medication effect
interferes with vitamin k absorption
vitamin e sources
alpha tocopherol
mango
nuts and seeds
sweet potatoes
green, leafy vegetables
vitamin k functions
coenzyme for blood clotting and bone metabolism
vitamin k deficiency
hemorrhage, secondary to medication inherence OR malabsorption
vitamin k sources
shot as a newborn
sundried tomatoes
celery
dark, leafy vegetables
B1 name
thiamin
B1 deficiency
beriberi
nervous system deficits
confusion
calf pain
B1 sources
WG bread
wheat germ
liver
eggs
pork
nuts
peas and beans
B2 name
riboflavin
B2 deficiency
dermatitis
cheilosis
photophobia
B2 sources
dairy
WG bread
liver
eggs
meat
spinach
B3 name
niacin
B3 deficiency
pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)
B3 sources
WG
protein-rich foods
B6 deficiency
microcytic anemia
dermatitis
cheilosis
glossitis
weakened immunity
depression
B6 sources
potatoes
organ meats
poultry
fish
meat
non-citrus fruits
B12 deficiency
GI disorders
glossitis
macrocytic anemia
nervous system changes
B12 sources
dairy
eggs
fish
poultry
meat
shellfish
B7 name
biotin
B7 function
coenzyme
fatty acid synthesis
glycogen formation
amino acid metabolism
B7 sources
most foods
eggs
liver
dairy
dark greens
B7 deficiency
anorexia
fatigue
heart abnormalities
choline function
cell structure
acetylcholine formation
gene expression
choline sources
most foods
dairy
liver
foods processed with lecithin
choline deficiency
muscle and liver damage
fatty liver disease
choline toxicity
liver damage
B9 name
folate
B9 function
coenzyme for DNA synthesis and homocysteine metabolism
B9 sources
spinach
okra
liver
dried peas and beans
seeds
grains
B9 deficiency
macrocytic anemia
confusion
fatigue
diarrhea
neural tube defects
B5 name
pantothenic acid
B5 function
coenzyme
B5 deficiency
failure of all body systems
B5 sources
meat
poultry
fish
WG cereals
vitamin C functions
synthesis of collagen and other CT and bone
iron absorption
thyroxin synthesis
immune function
vitamin C sources
citrus
peppers
broccoli
cauliflower
strawberries
tomatoes
vitamin C deficiency
scurvy
progressive hemorrhage
skin changes
bone softening and malformation
anemia
depression
B12 medication use
prevention or correction of pernicious anemia
vitamin A medication use
topical skin products
acne reduction
calcium function
bone and teeth growth
calcium sources
dairy
cabbage
turnip greens
soy
calcium deficiency
impaired growth
osteoporosis
phosphorous function
bone and teeth growth
enzymes
coenzyme
phosphorous sources
animal products
raisins
prunes
dates
fortified cereals
grains
phosphorous deficiency/toxicity
deficiency unknown
can become toxic and cause low calcium levels
magnesium function
bone mineralization/formation
muscle and nerve function
blood glucose balance
BP regulation
DNA synthesis
magnesium sources
spinach and other greens
nuts
bran
peas and beans
magnesium deficiency
weakness
confusion
tetany
convulsions
magnesium toxicity
can be toxic from supplementation
diarrhea
cramping
sulfur function
protein bridges
component of biotin, thiamin, insulin
sulfur sources
all animal products
milk
beans
nuts
sulfur toxicity
can be toxic to animals through excessive intake
zinc function
immune function
protein synthesis
DNA synthesis
iodine function
component of thyroid hormones
metabolic rate
selenium function
reproduction
thyroid function
copper function
iron metabolism
connective tissue synthesis
manganese function
enzymes for cholesterol
amino acids
bone formation
fluoride function
tooth enamel
bone formation
chromium function
enhances action of insulin
carbohydrate metabolism