micronutrients

vitamin a functions

vision-to adjust to dim light and the color purple

immune function

formation of mucosa

vitamin a deficiency

skin changes

saliva secretion

immune changes

impaired bone growth

vision changes

RARE IN US-due to pregnancy, CF, malabsorption

vitamin a toxicity

headaches

double vision

liver damage

hair loss

bone deformities

birth defects

ESP IN PREGNANCY

\
\

vitamin a forms

alcohol, aldehyde, acid

\-from food sources

vitamin a carotenoids/storage

alpha, beta, cryptoxathin (converted to retinol)

stored in adipose tissue

vitamin a sources

red peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, carrots

vitamin d functions

maintain CA levels (GI and kidney absorption)

cell growth

immune and neuromuscular function

vitamin d deficiency

low Ca and P absorption

rickets

decreased bone growth

bone malformation

teeth decay

vitamin d toxicity

kidney damage

calcification of soft tissue

bone weaknesses

vitamin d forms

D3: cholecalciferol

D2: ergocalciferol

PROHORMONE

regulated by the parathyroid hormone

vitamin d sources

dairy

fortified cereals

fish sources (tuna, salmon, cod fish oil)

vitamin e function

antioxidant

cell membrane protection

inhibits cell division

platelet aggregation

increases vasodilation

immune function and gene expression

vitamin e deficiency

hemolysis

anemia

peripheral neuropathy

skin lesions

vitamin e toxicity

increases anticoagulation medication effect

interferes with vitamin k absorption

vitamin e sources

alpha tocopherol

mango

nuts and seeds

sweet potatoes

green, leafy vegetables

vitamin k functions

coenzyme for blood clotting and bone metabolism

vitamin k deficiency

hemorrhage, secondary to medication inherence OR malabsorption

vitamin k sources

shot as a newborn

sundried tomatoes

celery

dark, leafy vegetables

B1 name

\
thiamin

B1 deficiency

beriberi

nervous system deficits

confusion

calf pain

B1 sources

WG bread

wheat germ

liver

eggs

pork

nuts

peas and beans

\

B2 name

riboflavin

B2 deficiency

dermatitis

cheilosis

photophobia

B2 sources

dairy

WG bread

liver

eggs

meat

spinach

B3 name

niacin

B3 deficiency

pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)

B3 sources

WG

protein-rich foods

B6 deficiency

microcytic anemia

dermatitis

cheilosis

glossitis

weakened immunity

depression

B6 sources

potatoes

organ meats

poultry

fish

meat

non-citrus fruits

B12 deficiency

GI disorders

glossitis

macrocytic anemia

nervous system changes

B12 sources

\
dairy

eggs

fish

poultry

meat

shellfish

B7 name

biotin

B7 function

coenzyme

fatty acid synthesis

glycogen formation

amino acid metabolism

B7 sources

most foods

eggs

liver

dairy

dark greens

B7 deficiency

anorexia

fatigue

heart abnormalities

\

choline function

cell structure

acetylcholine formation

gene expression

choline sources

most foods

dairy

liver

foods processed with lecithin

choline deficiency

muscle and liver damage

fatty liver disease

choline toxicity

liver damage

B9 name

folate

B9 function

coenzyme for DNA synthesis and homocysteine metabolism

B9 sources

spinach

okra

liver

dried peas and beans

seeds

grains

B9 deficiency

macrocytic anemia

confusion

fatigue

diarrhea

neural tube defects

B5 name

pantothenic acid

B5 function

coenzyme

B5 deficiency

failure of all body systems

B5 sources

meat

poultry

fish

WG cereals

vitamin C functions

synthesis of collagen and other CT and bone

iron absorption

thyroxin synthesis

immune function

vitamin C sources

citrus

peppers

broccoli

cauliflower

strawberries

tomatoes

vitamin C deficiency

scurvy

progressive hemorrhage

skin changes

bone softening and malformation

anemia

depression

B12 medication use

prevention or correction of pernicious anemia

vitamin A medication use

topical skin products

acne reduction

calcium function

bone and teeth growth

calcium sources

dairy

cabbage

turnip greens

soy

calcium deficiency

impaired growth

osteoporosis

phosphorous function

bone and teeth growth

enzymes

coenzyme

phosphorous sources

animal products

raisins

prunes

dates

fortified cereals

grains

phosphorous deficiency/toxicity

deficiency unknown

can become toxic and cause low calcium levels

magnesium function

bone mineralization/formation

muscle and nerve function

blood glucose balance

BP regulation

DNA synthesis

magnesium sources

spinach and other greens

nuts

bran

peas and beans

magnesium deficiency

weakness

confusion

tetany

convulsions

magnesium toxicity

can be toxic from supplementation

diarrhea

cramping

sulfur function

protein bridges

component of biotin, thiamin, insulin

sulfur sources

all animal products

milk

beans

nuts

sulfur toxicity

can be toxic to animals through excessive intake

zinc function

immune function

protein synthesis

DNA synthesis

iodine function

component of thyroid hormones

metabolic rate

selenium function

reproduction

thyroid function

copper function

iron metabolism

connective tissue synthesis

manganese function

enzymes for cholesterol

amino acids

bone formation

fluoride function

tooth enamel

bone formation

chromium function

enhances action of insulin

carbohydrate metabolism