the title of our textbook and more importantly, the visible changes that humans make to the environment including buildings, crops, and signs
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Density
the number of things divided by the measurement of area
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Diffusion
a feature or idea that is spread from its originating place, outward - the 3 types are contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion
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Distance decay
the idea that the interaction between two places declines as the distance between them increases
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Environmental determinism
the belief that a physical environment is THE reason that some societies are strong while others are weaker
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Environmental possibilism
the belief that a physical environment plays a role in the development of a society, but is NOT the ONLY factor at work
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Formal region
a region that is based entirely on something that can be identified and documented or measured - all government areas are this because they share a government
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Friction of distance
a metaphor that explains that effort must be used to overcome distance
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Functional region
a region based around a node or focal point - terrestrial radio broadcasts are an example of this
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Geospatial
relating to data that is specific to one location
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GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
software that captures, manages, analyzes, and displays data that is collected geographically
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Globalization
worldwide integration and development which results in the expansion of international cultural, economic, and political activities
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GPS (Global Positioning System)
a system that measures distance from a series of satellites to determine location on the planet
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Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction
the most important model in geography - (population1 x population2)/distance squared - the interconnectedness of 2 places depends on their distance and population
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Hierarchical diffusion
the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
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Projection
a method of taking a 3D object and putting in on a 2D plane
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Reference map
maps that emphasizes the location of places (without data attached)
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Region
a place larger than a point and smaller than a planet that is grouped together because of a measurable or perceived common feature
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Relative location
describing the position of a place as compared to (or relative to!) another landmark
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Relocation diffusion
the physical spread of a feature or trait by people migrating
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Remote sensing
the science of making measurements of the earth using sensors on airplanes or satellites
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Scale of analysis
how zoomed in or out you are when looking at geographic data
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Stimulus diffusion
when a feature or idea spreads, but is changed by those adopting the idea
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Thematic maps
a map that displays not only locations but maps a topic or theme of information with the location
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Time-space compression
the idea that the world feels smaller than it used to because of increased technology in transportation and communication
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Toponym
a place name
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Vernacular/perceptual region
an area that shares a common qualitative characteristic, it's only a region because people believe it's a region
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built environment
part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans
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Cartogram
A special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to present economic or other kinds of data for comparison.
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Choropleth Map
a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.
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Connectivity
The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
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distortion
a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map
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Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.
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Dot Distribution Map
A map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena
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Graduated Symbol Map
A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.
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Human Environment Interaction
The geographic theme that explores how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment
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Isoline Map
Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels
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Latitude
distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees
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Longitude
Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees
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Map Projection
a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface
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Physical Map
A type of map that shows geographic features such as mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, and oceans.
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Place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
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Political Map
A type of map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, and districts.
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Regionalization
The organization of earth's surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas
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Site
The physical characteristics of a place, such as its topography, vegetation, and water resources.
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Situation
The location of a place relative to other places.
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Expansion Diffusion
A trend, innovation, or idea is spread from its originating place, or hearth outward.
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Global Scale of analysis
A way to study a phenomenon that is seen or encountered by the entire planet.
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National Scale of analysis
Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a specific country
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Local Scale of analysis
Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a state or province, a city or town, or neighborhood
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Photographic Interpretation
the identification, description and measurement of objects in images, especially in aerial photographs, for geologic, cartographic or military purposes
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Elevation
The height of land above sea level.
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Flows
Geographic movement of people (migration), ideas (culture), goods, and/or materials from one place to another through human-environment interaction.
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Agricultural Density
Number of farmers divided by arable land.
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Anti-Natalist Policies
Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase.
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Arithmetic Density
Population of a region divided by total land area.
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Arable Land
Land suitable for farming/agriculture.
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Baby Boom
A temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II.
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Baby Bust
Temporary marked decrease in the birth rate.
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Carrying Capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support.
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in the society.
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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a society
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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
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Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
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Dependent Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
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Doubling Time/Rate
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
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Ecumene
The areas of earth occupied by human settlement.
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Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
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Female Infanticide
The intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from the low value associated with the birth of females.
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Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s.
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.
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Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
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Malthus, Thomas
An English economist who was one of the first to argue that the world's population increase was far outrunning the development of food production.
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Medical Revolution
Time during the late 20th countries, when medical technology from Europe and North America diffused to developing countries.
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Neo-Malthusian
People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources.
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Overpopulation
When the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
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Physiological Density
Population of a region divided by arable land.
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Population Pyramid
A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.
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Pro-Natalist Policies
The policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate.
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Natural Increase Rate (NIR) / Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Percent a population grows in a year.
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Sex Ratio
Number of males per 100 females
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Stage 1 DTM
Low Growth: A pre-industrial agrarian society with a High CBR, High CDR, and a Zero NIR.
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Stage 2 DTM
High Growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that remains high but stable, a CDR that declines dramatically, and a NIR in rapid increase.
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Stage 3 DTM
Decreasing Growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that declined significantly, a CDR that continues to decline, and a NIR that begins to moderate.
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Stage 4 DTM
Low Growth: A Modern Industrialized Country with a low CBR, low CDR, and virtually no NIR.
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Stage 5 DTM
Negative Growth: Modern Industrialized Country with a very low CBR, an increasing CDR, and a negative NIR.
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
An average number of children a woman will have during her 'birthing' years.
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Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
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Asylum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
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Brain Drain
The large-scale emigration of talented citizens of a country who leave to seek better opportunities for their talents.
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Chain Migration
The migration of people to a certain location because family members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
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Circular Migration
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.
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Critical Distance
The distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play a determining role in the willingness of the people to travel.
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Emigration
The movement of individuals out of an area, can cause a population to decrease in size.
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Ethnicity
Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture.
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Forced Migration
Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors, that is done due to an outside force.
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Immigration
The migration to a new location.
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Internal Migration
Permanent movement within a particular country.
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Internally Displaced Person
Individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse.
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International Migration
The permanent movement from one country to another.