Which of the following bonds is typically the strongest?
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When hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom
Hydrogen bonding is most often seen \__________.
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Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.
Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?
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Proton
Which of the following subatomic particles always has a positive charge?
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Protons in an atom
Changing the number of \__________ would change an atom into an atom of a different element.
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Have different numbers of neutrons
The atoms of different phosphorus isotopes \_____.
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Radioactive decay of unstable isotopes allow their location and movement within the body to be visualized
Why are certain isotopes of elements useful in medical imaging technologies?
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By the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule with the negative end of the other
How are the hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules?
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The electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus
The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because \________.
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Not be able to form hydrogen bonds with each other
Sulfur can form two covalent bonds like oxygen, but it is less electronegative than oxygen. Compared to water molecules, how will the H2S molecules behave?
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The number of hydrogen bonds in fatty acids determines if triglycerides are saturated or unsaturated.
Which of the following is NOT an example of how hydrogen bonds affect the chemistry of living organisms?
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No hydrogen bonds form among molecules of cyclohexane, so there is no surface tension
Why would water striders not be able to walk on cyclohexane the way they do on water?
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Compound will dissociate into ions
What happens to compounds made of ionic bonds when they are dissolved in water?
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Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
Which of the following statements correctly describes the property of hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil?
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Bonds between glucose molecules that cannot be broken by our digestive enzymes
What feature of dietary fiber is responsible for its role in maintain gastro-intestinal health?
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Energy storage
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
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Carbohydrates, Proteins
Which classes of organic biomolecules can have a structural function?
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Unsaturated
Is the triglyceride pictured in the previous question saturated or unsaturated?
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Starch is found in plants, glycogen is found in animals
Which of the following statements distinguishes starch and glycogen?
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Water molecules are produced as a polymer formed from monomers
A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which \__________.
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Glucose
What monomers make up polysaccharides like glycogen and cellulose?
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None of them dissolves in water
What characteristics do all lipids have in common?
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They do not have a polar or charged region.
Which of the following features of cooking oil and gasoline (hydrocarbons) identifies why the molecules are NOT amphipathic?
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The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not.
Which of the following statements describes the interaction of water molecules with phospholipids?
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Cells acclimated to colder temperatures
According to the Homeoviscous Adaptation hypothesis, which of the following should have the greatest proportion of unsaturated phospholipids?
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Amino acid
Which of the following is NOT part of a nucleotide?
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Primary
A mutation causes a new amino acid to be substituted into a protein. What level of protein structure will ALWAYS be affected by such a mutation?
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A polar amino acid changed to a non-polar amino acid
Which of the following amino acid substitutions will potentially have the most destabilizing effect on the protein secondary structure?
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Two layers of phospholipid, with fatty acid tails sandwiched between the phosphate head groups
Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a cell membrane?
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Small hydrophobic molecules
Which of the following types of molecules will diffuse through a cell membrane most readily?
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Non-polar side groups
Cell membranes have many proteins embedded in them, some of which project all the way across a cell membrane and stick out into the intra- and extracellular spaces. Recall that amino acids have different side groups with different basic properties. Parts of the protein in the middle of the cell membrane are primarily made up of amino acids with...
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Smooth ER
In what part of the cell would a steroid hormone be produced?
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Diffuse directly across the cell membrane
How would a steroid hormone enter a target cell?
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Intracellular receptor
What kind of receptor would most like recognize a steroid hormone?
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The RTK binds to another RTK with a signal attached, forming a dimer
Suppose a signal molecule is detected by a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). What is the first thing that happens when signal molecules bind to the RTKs?
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Each RTK in the dimers add phosphate groups to the tyrosine amino acids in the other RTK
After the event in question 4, what happens next?
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They activate proteins by adding phosphate groups to them.
After the events in question 5, a relay molecule is activated, which in turn activates a protein. This protein in turn activates another protein. What is the main way that proteins activate other proteins?
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Kinases
Proteins that activate other proteins using the method from Q6 are called...
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Phosphorylation cascade
The events from question 6 are repeated several times: a protein activates another protein, which activates another protein, which activates another protein. What is this type of signal transduction called?
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Active transport
Which type of transport requires the cell to spend energy in the form of ATP?
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Microtubules
Which cytoskeletal element is responsible for guiding transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, and then to the cell membrane?
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Hypotonic
A fish whose body fluids have an overall solute concentration of 300 mOsm. It lives in freshwater, which has a concentration of about 8 mOsm. The fish is an a \__________ environment.
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Water will diffuse into the fish's body
Given the situation in question 11, which statement best describes the resulting osmosis?
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Active transport
What type of transport do pancreatic cell use when secreting the protein insulin (about 51 amino acids) into the blood?
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Rough ER
Which organelle is most likely to be most prominent in cells of the intestines that are producing digestive enzymes to break down food in the digestive tract?
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Ribsomes
Which of the following structures can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Folds and Modifies Proteins
\
What role does the Golgi apparatus play in protein production?
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Cilia are shorter and more numerous on a cell than flagella
What distinguishes cilia and flagella?
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Microfilaments
A mutation in the gene that codes for the actin protein would be most likely to affect which cytoskeletal element?
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Along the inner surface of cell membranes
Where are microfilaments most likely to be found?
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Microtubules
Nondisjunction occurs during cell division when chromosomes are not divided and allotted correctly among daughter cells. Failure in the function of which component in the cell could lead to nondisjunction?
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All chemical reactions in an organism
What is meant by "metabolism"?
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Exergonic
What type of chemical reactions releases energy?
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Anabolic
Photosynthesis is an example of what kind of metabolic pathway?
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Which of the following statements best describes the first law of thermodynamics?
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Solar energy; chemical energy
During photosynthesis, organisms capture \______ energy and store it as \_______ energy.
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The released phosphate is used to form phosphorylated intermediates that are more reactive than the original unphosphorylated substrate.
Which of the following statements best describes a primary mechanism by which the energy released in ATP hydrolysis is used directly to drive endergonic chemical reactions in a cell?
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Active site can provide heat from the environment that raises the energy content of the substrate
Which of the following is NOT a way in which an enzyme can speed up the reaction that it catalyzes?
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their enzymes have high optimal temperatures.
Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because...
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Tertiary structure breaks down as enzymes unfold
Enzymes often see a decline in catalytic ability at high temperature, and eventually will stop working entirely as they become denatured. What does that mean?
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Activation energy
What is the name of the barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction?
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Stroma of chloroplast
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
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Photosystem II
Where in photosynthesis is oxygen produced?
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Rubisco
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide to an organic molecule?
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Oxygen, NADPH, ATP,
What are the outputs of the light reaction in photosynthesis?
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ATP & NADPH from the light reaction
Where does the energy and electrons used to reduce carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle come from?
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Water
What is the source of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?
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18 carbons in 6 molecules
What is the number and arrangement of carbons at the end of the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin cycle?
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G protein
Which protein or molecule is activated first in signal transduction using a second messenger?
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Paracrine
Synaptic signaling from one neuron to the next is an example of what type of signaling?
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Ability of sperm to swim
Which of the following processes in the human body would likely be least affected by a mutation in the actin gene?
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Carbon fixation happens in outer (mesophyll) cells and transported to inner (bundle sheath) cells for the Calvin cycl
How is photorespiration minimized in C4 plants?
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A mixture of blue and red light
On a spaceship designed to support a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system, plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Because the spaceship will be so far from the sun, an artificial light source will be needed to support photosynthesis. Which of the following wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth?
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Splitting water to get electrons
What is the source of the oxygen released as a by-product of photosynthesis?
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Excited P680
What is the source of electrons entering the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?
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Cells can alter expression of enzymes to regulate reactions
Which of the following is an accurate statement about enzymes?
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Isotonic
In order to maintain the correct cell volume, most animal cells try to be \_______ to the environment.
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Helicase
For questions 1-, complete the sentences describing the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes. During replication, the replication fork is advanced by \________, which separates the two strands of DNA.
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RNA primer
Synthesis of new DNA strands requires a(n) \_______ as a starting point for extension of strand which is laid down by the enzyme primase.
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Leading
One of the new DNA strands is extending into, or in the same direction as, the replication fork. This is the \_________ strand.
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DNA polymerase III
The strand in question 3 is synthesized by \____________.
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Lagging
The other replicated strand is called the \_______ strand, which, due to the directionality requirements, moves away from the replication fork.
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Okazaki fragments
As a result, this second replicating strand must be made in pieces as the advancing fork reveals new stretches of unreplicated DNA. These pieces are called \____________.
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Ligase
These pieces (from question 6) are ultimately joined together into a continuous DNA strand by \__________....
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Oxidized
At various points in cellular respiration, electrons transferred from glucose, or intermediates in the breakdown of glucose, to electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. These are the points where glucose is...
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Electron transport chain
Where are the electrons being carried by the NADH and FADH2 from the previous question taking the electrons? Assume aerobic respiration is happening.
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Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is NOT an output of glycolysis?
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Citric acid cycle
By end of \________, glucose has been fully catabolized to carbon dioxide.
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Four carbons, as two acetyl CoA molecules
Of the six carbons in glucose, how many enter the citric acid cycle and in what form?
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Oxygen
In aerobic respiration, what is the final electron acceptor?
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End of the electron transport chain
Where in the aerobic respiration pathway is the final electron acceptor located?
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Pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Electrons give up energy as they are passed along the electron transport chain. What is this energy most directly used to do?
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Refreshes NADH to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue, Prevents build-up of toxic pyruvate molecules
What are benefits of lactic acid fermentation to an animal cell where aerobic respiration is unavailable?
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5ʹ to 3ʹ
DNA and RNA polymerases always extend nucleic acids in what direction?
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Labeled DNA from a bacteriophage entered the bacterial host, but labeled protein did not
What were Hershey and Chase able show in their experiment, providing convincing evidence that DNA is the genetic molecule?
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Buffer the chromosomes against the effects of shortening with each round of replication
What is the function of telomeres?
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An incorrect base being added to DNA by DNA polymerase during replication
Which of the following constitutes a mutation?
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The electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration takes electrons before they travel all the way down the electron transport chain and give up all their energy
Why does anaerobic respiration not generate as much ATP as aerobic respiration?
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DNA sequence is used to make an RNA version of part of the DNA
Which of the following is the most accurate description of transcription?
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Promoter
What does RNA polymerase bind to during the initiation phase of transcription in prokaryotic cells?
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