Week 3 LOs

What is immunity

The body’s ability to defend and protect itself against antigens

What is a vaccine?

They mimic a natural infection to induce immune memory and protective responses

Difference between cell mediated and antibody mediated responses

Antibody mediated responses are often only sufficient for extracellular pathogens mediated by plasma cells (lymphocytes) and antibodies (immunoglobins) while cell mediated responses are important for clearing intracellular pathogens mediated by cytotoxic T cells (lymphocyte)

What mediators are involved in cell mediated vs. antibody mediated responses and what type of pathogens are defended against?

• CM: Plasma cells, antibodies (lymphocytes) = extracellular pathogens

• AM: Cytotoxic T cells (lymphocytes) = intracellular pathogens

Live vaccines (bold = not LO)

Contain live pathogen (virus, bacteria, parasite)

Pros of live vaccines

• Stimulates both cell and antibody mediated immunity

• Immunogenic (provokes immune response)

• Robust memory develops

Cons of live vaccines

• Side effects are common

• Redevelopment of virulence can occur

• Pathogenicicity potential in non-target species (not LO)

Killed vaccines

Contain killed (bacteria, parasites) or inactivated (virus) pathogen

Pros of killed vaccines

• Stimulate antibody mediated immunity

• Few side effects

• No potential for redevelopment of virulence

Cons of killed vaccines

• Does not stimulate cell mediated immunity

• No immunogenic (requires additive to initiate immune response)

• May require more frequent boosters ( not as robust memory)

Which vaccines are core for dogs?

• Rabies

• Canine Distemper Virus

• Canine Adenovirus (Type 1 + 2)

• Canine Parvovirus-2

• ± Parainfluenza

• Leptospira

What is a core vaccine combination and what is it made of?

• (DAP, DAPP, DA2PP)

  • Canine Distemper Virus, Canine Adenovirus (Type 1+2), Canine Parvovirus-2, ± Parainfluenza, Leptospira

Leptospira

Can be combined with Lyme (non-core)

Which vaccines are core for cats?

• Rabies Virus

• Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 or Feline Rhinotracheitis

• Feline Calicivirus

• Feline Panleukopenia Virus or Feline Parvovirus

• Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

What vaccine can be combines for cats and what is it made of?

• FVRCP

  • Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 or Feline Rhinotracheitis, Feline Calicivirus, Feline Panleukopenia Virus or Feline Parvovirus

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

Only core when kittens

What are some common vaccine reactions?

• Expected toxicity

• Abnormal reactions

Expected toxicity vaccine reactions

• Mild reaction consisting of mild pain and swelling at injection site, lethargy

• Due to inflammatory response associated with induction of protective immune response

Abnormal vaccine reactions

• Hypersensitivity/anaphylaxis

• Injection ste sarcoma

• Abortions

• + more

Hypersensitivity/anaphylaxis

Upon repeated exposure to antigen that leads to the immune system mistakenly targeting itself

Especially in cats, what must we always do when vaccinating?

Inject vaccines as low as possible on extremity

Why must we always inject vaccines as low as possible on extremity on cats?

Theory: inflammation at the site of injection that induces the formation of soft tissue sarcoma

Feline Injection Site Sarcoma (not LO)

• Unknown cause but associated with injections such vaccines

• Biopsy if suspicious

• If confirmed, must be aggressively move (amputation)

4 boundaries of the abdominal cavity

• Cranial boundary (diaphragm)

• Caudal boundary (pelvic inlet)

• Dorsal boundary (vertebrae and epaxial muscles)

• Ventral/lateral boundary (costal arch + abdominal body wall muscles)

Peritoneal cavity

A serous cavity; a closed, potential space (normally contains only a small amount of serous fluid)-not LO

Parietal vs. visceral peritoneum

• Parietal: lines the body wall

• Visceral: covers the organs (viscera)

Peritoneum

A serous membrane lining the cavity and covering organs

4 divisions of the stomach

1. Cardiac part

2. Fundus

3. Body

4. Pyloric part

3 segments of the small intestine

1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

3 segments of the large intestine

1. Cecum

2. Colon

3. Rectum

Colon

• Ascending

• Transverse

• Descending

Path of food through the entire gastrointestinal tract

1. Oral cavity

2. Esophagus

3. Stomach

4. Small intestine

5. Large intestine

6. Rectum

7. Anus

Basic functions of the liver

Endocrine and exocrine functions:

• Production of important proteins

• Storage of glycogen and vitamins

• Excretion of bile

• Biotransformation of drugs

• Metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats, and vitamin D

Basic functions of the stomach

• Cardiac sphincter: limits reflux of gastric contents into esophagus

• Pyloric sphincter: controls emptying into small intestine

• Rugae: gastric folds that increase surface area and allow expansion when filling

Sphincters of the stomach

• Cardiac sphincter

• Pyloric sphincter

Basic functions of the gallbladder

Stores and concentrates biles; releases bile into small intestine to aid digestion (of fat especially)

Basic functions of the liver

Largest gland, produces bile, makes key proteins (albumin, clotting factors), metabolizes nutrients and toxins, stores glycogen and vitamins

Basic functions of the spleen

Filters blood, stores/produces RBCs, immune functions

Basic functions of the pancreas

• Exocrine: acinar cells produce digestive enzymes

• Endocrine: islets of Langerhands produce insulin and glucagon

Basic functions of the kidneys

Filter blood, regulate solutes/water, remove wastes

Basic functions of the small intestine

• Digestion: breaking complex nutrients into simpler molecules

• Absorption: transporting molecules across intestinal epithelium into the body

Basic functions of the large intestine

• Water absorption

• Mucus secretion (lubrication, stool passage)

Major landmarks on a normal lateral abdominal radiograph

• Stomach (gas/fluid patterns; location varies)

• Intestinal loops (small vs. large patterns)

• Liver silhouette (cranial abdomen, near diaphragm)

• Kidneys (dorsal, right typically more cranial)

• Bladder (caudoventral, size depends of filling)

Abdominal cavity lies between what?

The thoracic and pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity contains major organs for

• Digestion/absorption

• Filtration/excretion

• Immune/hematologic support

Digestion/absorption in abdominal cavity

GI tract, liver, pancreas

Filtration/excretion in abdominal cavity

Kidneys, bladder

Immune/hematologic support in abdominal cavity

Spleen

Anatomical relationships

In imaging and on physical exams, its what we consistently rely on

Core functions of external abdominal oblique

• Protect abdominal organs

• Support posture and core strength

• Assist in respiration (changes intra-abdominal pressure)

• Assist in urination and defection (abdominal pressure)

Core functions of internal abdominal oblique

• protect abdominal organs

• Support posture and core strength

• Assist in respiration (changes intra-abdominal pressure)

• Assist in urination and defecation (abdominal pressure)

Core functions of rectus abdominis

• Protect abdominal organs

• Support posture and core strength

• Assist in respiration (changes intra-abdominal pressure)

• Assist in urination and defecation (abdominal pressure)

Core functions of transversus abdominis

• Protect abdominal organs

• Support posture and core strength

• Assist in respiration (changes intra-abdominal pressure)

• Assist in urination and defecation (abdominal pressure)

Core functions of the abdominal body wall muscles

• Protect abdominal organs

• Support posture and core strength

• Assist in respiration (changes intra-abdominal pressure)

• Assist in urination and defecation (abdominal pressure)

What is the dorsal boundary of the abdominal cavity?

Vertebrae and epaxial muscles

Segments of the small intestine in order

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Connecting folds

The Peritoneum forms them and they:

• Suspend organs

• Carry blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

• Create compartments/spaces

Mesentery

Intestines to dorsal body wall

Omentum

Associated with stomach/duodenum

Ligaments

Organ-to-organ or organ-to-wall connections

Greater omentum

A 4-layer caudoventral extension of peritoneum

Parts of the greater omentum

• Superficial leaf

• Deep leaf

Superficial leaf

Encloses the spleen

Deep leaf

Encloses the left lobe of the pancreasand extends to the posterior abdominal wall.

Lesser omentum

Between the stomach and the liver, supporting blood vessels.

Intraperitoneal organs

Are mostly covered by peritoneum on dorsal surfaces

Intraperitoneal organs names

Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, uterine horn and ovaries

Retroperitoneal organs names

Kidneys, adrenal glands, urinary bladder, ureters, caudal vena cava, aorta, esophagus before entering stomach

T/F: The peritoneal cavity contains abdominal organs

False

T/F: The kidneys are considered retroperitoneal

True

T/F: The spleen, right lobe of the pancreas, and liver are the organs not enclosed within the deep leaf of the greater omentum.

FALSE! They are

Accessory digestive organs

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

Liver function in accessory digestive organs

Bile production, metabolism

Gallbladder function in digestive organs

Bile storage, conecntration

Pancreas function in accessory digestive organs

Digestive enzyme production, hormones

What do the Accessory digestive organs do?

Aid in digestion, not part of the “tube”

Liver structure

The body’s largest gland located immediately caudal to the diaphragm, and cranial to the stomach

6 lobes of the Liver

Left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right medial, right lateral, caudate

Gallbladder’s located where

Between quadrate and right medial lobes

What does the caudate lobe have?

A papillary process and caudate process

Liver cells

Heptocytes

The Liver has ______ and ______ functions.

endocrine, exocrine

What are the Liver’s endocrine and exocrine functions

• Production of important proteins

• Storage of glycogen and vitamins

• Excretion of bile

• Biotransformation of drugs

• Metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats, and vitamin D

Sphicters of the stoamch

• Cardiac sphincter

• Pyloric Sphincter

Cardiac Sphincter

Limits reflux of gastric contents into esophagus

Pyloric Sphincter

Controls emptying into small intestine

Rugae

Gastric folds that increase surface area and allow expansion when filling

Core functions of the small intestine

Digestion and sborption

Digestion in small intestine

Breaking complex nutrients into simpler molecules

Absorption in small intestine

Transporting molecules across intestinal epithelium into the body

Parts of the Colon in the large intestine

• Ascending (colon)

• Transverse

• Descending

Mucus secretion in large intestine

Lubrication, stool pasage

Path of food inlcusing colon parts

• Oral cavity

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Duodenum

• Jejunum

• Ileum

• Cecum

• Colon (ascending - transverse - descending)

• Rectum

• Anus

Core functions of the large intestine

• Water absorption

• Mucus secretion

Pancreas type of functions

• Exocrine

• Endocrine

Density rule

• Denser = more opaque (white)

• Less dense = more lucent (black)

5 radiogrophic opacities (least —> most dense)

1. Gas/air

2. Fat

3. Fluid/soft tissue

4. Bone/mineral

5. Metal/contrast material

The correct order of the small intestinal segments

Duodenum —> Jejunum —> Ileum

Which radiographic opacity is denser than bone/mineral opacity

Metal opacity

Jemma underwent what

A gastronomy and enteromy