Intro to the Human Body (Lecture 1)

Unit 1 Exam

Sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides into right and left sides

Midsagittal plane

when the right and left sides are equal in size and runs through the midline of the body or organ

Parasagittal plane

when the body or organ is divided into unequal right and left sides, with the planes adjacent or parallel

Frontal/coronal

divides the body or organ into anterior/posterior portions

Transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Oblique

passes through the body or an organ at a diagonal angle

Dorsal cavity

Located in the posterior portion of the body; contains the brain, and the vertebral (spinal canal) which contains the spinal cord.

Ventral cavity

Located in the anterior portion of the body

• Thoracic, abdominal, pelvis

• lungs, heart, stomach, and bladder

Serous membranes

common function is lubrication by serous fluid to allow movement

Parietal layer (of serous membrane)

lines the walls of the cavities

Visceral layer (of serous membrane)

covers and adheres to the organs (viscera) within the cavities

RUQ (right upper quadrant)

Liver & Gallbladder

LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant)

Stomach & Spleen

RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant)

Appendix

LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant)

Sigmoid colon

Integumentary system

skin, hair, nails; protects body, regulates temp, eliminates wastes, detects sensations

Skeletal system & joints

bones, cartilage, joints; supports and protects body, attaches muscles, aids body movements, produces blood cells

Muscular system

skeletal muscles, cardiac and smooth; body movements, posture, generates heat

Nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs; generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities

Endocrine system

glands, hormones; regulates body activities by releasing hormones

Cardiovascular system

heart, blood, blood vessels; heart pumps blood through vessels to carry O2

Lymphatic system

lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, thymus; protect against diseases

Respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; transfers O2 from lungs to blood and CO2 from blood to lungs

Digestive system & nutrition & metabolism

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine (colon) rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands; physical & chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes

Urinary system & fluid/pH

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; produces stores and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes

Male reproductive system

testes, penis, prostate; produces gametes (sperm), hormones (testosterone)

Female reproductive system

ovaries, uterus, vagina; produces gametes (oocytes or eggs), hormones (estrogen, progesterone)

Two systems that regulate homeostasis (body keeps internal conditions within stable range)

Endocrine and nervous systems

Positive homeostasis feedback

a process where the body amplifies an initial change instead of reversing it, driving a rapid and complete outcome

Negative homeostasis feedback

a self-regulating biological process that reverses a change in the body to maintain stable internal conditions

Homeostatic imbalances

when one or more components of the body lose their ability to contribute to homeostasis, the normal equilibrium among body processes may be disturbed which may end in a disorder, disease process or death

Superior

towards the upper part

Inferior

towards the lower part

Anterior/ventral

nearer to or at the front of the body

Posterior/dorsal

nearer to or at the back of the body

Medial

nearer to the midline ot midsagittal plane

Lateral

farther from the body midline or midsagittal plane

Intermediate

between two structures

Proximal

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk (always refers to limbs)

Distal

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk (always refers to limbs)

Superficial

toward or on the body surface

Deep

away from the surface of the body

Supination

palms up or facing anterior

Pronation

palms down or facing posterior

Inversion

soles pointing in or medially

Eversion

soles pointing out or laterally

Dorsiflexion

pointing the foot with toes toward the body (or on heels)

Plantar flexion

pointing the foot away from the body (or standing on toes)

Cranial

toward the head or superior end of the body

Caudal

toward the tail or inferior end of the trunk (cauda equina)

Ipsilateral

situated on or pertaining to the same side of the body

Contralateral

situated on or pertaining to the opposite side

Flexion

decrease of angle between two bones

Extension

increase of angle between two bones

Lateral flexion

bending the neck or torso to the side

Rotation

moving a bone or body part around its own axis

Abduction

moving away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement toward the midline of the body

Antecubital

situated in front of the elbow

Axillary

small pyramidal space between the upper lateral chest/arm (armpit)

Branchial

pertaining to the arm (from shoulder to elbow)

Buccal

inside the cheek

Calcaneal

the heel bone (one of the tarsals)

Carpal

the wrist bones/region

Cervical

pertaining to the neck, or the neck of an organ or structure

Digital

finger manipulation or imprint

Femoral

the thigh

Glabella

smooth area on the frontal bone, between the eyebrows

Gluteal

the buttocks

Inguinal

the juncture between the abdomen and thigh (groin)

Lumbar

the part of the back between the thorax and pelvis (loins)

Mammary

the breast

Occipital

the posterior inferior portion of the cranium

Orbital

bony cavity that contains the eyeball

Otic

pertaining to the ear (aural)

Patellar

sesamoid bone situated at the front of the knee

Plantar

the sole of the foot

Popliteal

the posterior surface of the knee

Pubic

anterior inferior portion of the hip bone

Scapular

flat triangular bone in the back of the shoulder (blade)

Sternal

pertaining to the sternum

Tarsal

the ankle bones

Thoracic

pertaining to the chest or spinal region (thorax)

Vertebral

pertaining to the 24 bones of the spinal column

Gross anatomy

Visible to the eye

Microscopic anatomy

Can only be observed by magnification or by microscopes

Anatomical position

Patient stands erect facing clinician, palm forward, to reduce confusion

Head

consists of skull and face

Neck

supports the head and attaches it to the trunk

Trunk

consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Upper limb

shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand

Lower limb

buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot