Foundational Concepts

Mental health

Emotions, emotional well-being, thinking and learning, communication, reliance and self-esteem, relationship and daily functioning 

Mental Illness

• Results in change in emotions, thinking, behavior

  • Associated with distress/problems in daily functioning (ADLs)

    • Social and family relationship

    • Work or school

  • Factors associated with increased risk

    • Trauma, Hx of abuse, Hx of medical illness: thyroid disorders, cancer or diabetes, social instance that happen in their life, substance abuse, genetics

  • Mental illness is considered a disability 

  • Can have remissions and exacerbations

DSM-5-TR

• Defines and Diagnostic only and NOT treatment manual

• Categorizes illness based on signs/symptoms and nursing interventions

  • Includes assessment findings= planning, implementing, and evaluating care

• Criteria can be broken down based on client full history

• Also DSM 5 and ICD used together to describe and define mental health disorders

Stigma

Negative attitude against individual or group in which individual or group is labeled as being different 

• Public: Negative attitude towards those who have mental illness, expressed in discrimination through attitudes or actions

• Self: individual adopts a negative view or internalized shame about themselves or their condition, may see it as character flaw

  • (NOTE: Not wanting to admit it and not wanting to recognize it)

• Institutional: Government or organizations limit opportunities for those with mental illness

  • Ex. discrimination for getting a job/health care

Bias

1. Stereotyping

2. Prejudice

3. Discrimination

Stereotyping

Generalization about a specific group of people

Prejudice

Preconceived belief about individual that not based on any facts

Discrimination

Unfair or inequitable treatment

Types of bias

Implicit and explicit

Implicit Bias

Outside of one’s conscious awareness; not recognizing that you’re biased against person/group

Explicit Bias

International discrimination behaviors

Factors contributing to mental illness

Diathesis-Stress Model and Social determinants of mental health

Diathesis-Stress Model

Diathesis (genetics) + stress = Development of mental illness or the aggravation of a mental health disorder

Social determinants of mental health

Environmental, social/economic, and individual attributes or behaviors

HIPAA

Protecting sensitive info related to clients health that cannot be disclosed w/o a clients consent. 

Mandated Reporting

Mandatory law to protect vulnerable individuals such as children, elderly, disabled by reporting mistreatment/abuse of these individuals to local and state authorities. (ex. neglect/abuse = Physical, sexual, emotional, financial)

Duty to warn

Responsibility of health care providers and team members when there is a threat from a client to another individual to cause harm to them. The individual at risk must be informed.

Federal laws protecting mental health

Regulate health care system and providers, protect rights of individual patients, provide funding for services, provide research for mental health, establish and enforce minimum standards of health care practice and treatment

Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

Addresses insurance coverage for mental health