Microbiology Chapter 2: Molecules of Life

Chemistry

study of atoms and molecules

molecules

2 or more atoms joined together

compound

2 or more different atoms joined together

ionic

transfer e-, positive and negative joined together

covalent

sharing e-

chemical reaction

reactants → products

ex. 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

Solvent

dissolves other things

solute

being dissolved

hydrophobic

repels water

hydrophilic

attracted to water, soluble

acid

release H+, 7-

base

accepts H+, 7+

Salt

acid + base → salt

doesn’t have O or OH, ionic, electrolytes

pH

logarithmic measure of the amount of H+

buffer

compound, maintains a stable pH

alcohol

R - OH

aldehyde

acid

amine

ether

C - O - C

ester

C - (C = O) - OC

Ketone

C - (O = C) - C

4 Types of Organic Molecules

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

sugar whose function is energy

monosaccachrides

single unit sugars; glucose, fructose, galatose

disaccacharides

two unit sugars; sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysaccacharides

multiunit sugars; starch, cellulose, glycogens

lipids

fats and oils whose function is energy, membranes, and hormones

fatty acids

long chain of C and H with acid group one end

saturated

single bonds between carbons, molecule is straight

unsaturated

double bonds between carbons, bend, liquid

triglycerides

glycerol and 3 fatty acids attached

phospholipid

triglyceride with phosphate attached in place of one fatty acid

steroids

multiple ring lipids

proteins

amino acids, various structures(long chain, coil, flat sheet, folded)

function is enzymes, fibers, hormones, membranes, and antibodies

enzymes

proteins that cause reactions to occur or speed up

substrate

compound enzyme acts upon

active site

spot where substrate fits

denaturation

disruption of protein’s 3D shape

nucleic acids

general structure is base (ring with N)- sugar- one or more phosphates

adenosine phosphates

messengers and energy molecules

DNA and RNA

heredity and protein synthesis

FAD and NAD

metabolism

dehydration synthesis

joining of molecules

hydrolysis

breaking of molecules with water