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Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Concepts
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Prototypes
Mental images or best examples of a category used to match new items for classification.
Creativity
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.
Convergent Thinking
Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
Divergent Thinking
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions in creative thinking.
Expertise
Well-developed knowledge that contributes to the generation of ideas.
Intrinsic Motivation
Being driven by interest, satisfaction, and challenge rather than external pressures.
Algorithms
Methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem.
Heuristics
Simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and ignore contradictory evidence.
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often based on past success.
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, opposed to explicit reasoning.
Representativeness Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on how well they seem to represent particular prototypes.
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
A cognitive bias leading individuals to continue investing in a situation due to already incurred costs.
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to perceive an object only in terms of its most common use.
Priming
The recent experience of a stimulus facilitates or inhibits later processing of the same or a similar stimulus.
Gambler’s Fallacy
The mistaken belief that past chance events influence the likelihood of future chance events.
