Inka KT 3-1

allege

means to claim or assert that something is true, typically without providing proof at the time of the claim

climate change litigation

legal processes used to combat or mitigate the effects of climate change

terra nullius laws

rules about land that belongs to no one

mitigation

the act of reducing how harmful, unpleasant, or bad something is

funding adequate coastal defence

providing the necessary financial support to protect coastal areas

jurisdiction

The legal authority of a court to hear and decide cases. It can be based on territory, subject matter, or the parties involved.

landmark case

A court decision that significantly changes or clarifies the interpretation of law, often setting a new precedent or affecting future cases.

(legal) safeguards

Legal or procedural protections put in place to prevent abuse, ensure fairness, and protect individual rights.

proportionality

A legal principle requiring that actions taken by states (e.g., surveillance or restrictions) must not exceed what is necessary to achieve a legitimate aim.

independent approval

A legal safeguard requiring that decisions (such as surveillance authorizations) be reviewed and approved by an authority that is not involved in the request, usually a judge or regulatory body.

notary

An official who has the legal authority to say that documents are correctly signed or true or to make an oath (= promise) official.

authentication

when a notary verifies that a person signing a document is truly who they say they are, and confirms that the signature on the document is real.

deed

a legal document that is an official record of an agreement or official proof that someone owns land or a building.

power of attorney

a legal document in which one person, called the principal, gives another person, called the agent or representative, the authority to act on their behalf.

testament

a will that someone makes, saying what should be done with their money and property after they die.

undistorted competition

a market situation where competition takes place fairly and naturally, without interference or manipulation that would favor one party over another.

merger control

a process by which competition authorities review mergers and acquisitions between companies to ensure they do not significantly reduce competition in the market.

consumer welfare

overall well-being and benefit that consumers receive from goods and services in the market.

collusive practices

secret or illegal cooperation between competing businesses to gain an unfair market advantage, often at the expense of consumers or other competitors.

bid rigging

a type of collusive practice in which competing companies coordinate their bids in advance to manipulate the outcome. Instead of competing fairly, they agree who will win, often rotating winners or inflating prices

public procurement

a process by which government bodies and public sector institutions purchase goods, services, or works from private companies.

fundamental issue

basic, primary or underlying problem

accessory

a person who aids or contributes in the commission of a crime

county court

first instance court

circuit court

court of the second instance

to appeal

to seek review by a higher court

defence

the theory or ground that forms the basis for a defendant's opposition to an allegation

justification

a type of defence where the committed act is not wrongful due to the circumstances

excuse

a type of defence where the act is wrongful but the actor can’t be held responsible

entrapment

a type of defence where a person was lured into committing the crime in order to prosecute them for it

automation

a type of defence where a person committed the crime while not in control of their mind and/or body

consumer

a natural person who buys goods or services for personal use

trader

A person or company offering goods/services in the course of business

unfair commercial practice

A misleading, aggressive or unethical sales tactic

right of withdrawal

The right to cancel a distance contract within 14 days

consumer dispute committee

A body that resolves disputes between consumers and businesses in Estonia

informed consent

agreement or permission to do something from someone who has been given full information about the possible effects or results

confidentiality

the fact of private information being kept secret

data protection

laws and regulations that make it illegal to store or share some types of information about people without their knowledge or permission

bodily autonomy

a right granted to every person to have the right to control what are the things to be or not done to their own bodies

competent

able or allowed to make legal decisions