unit 1.pptx

Soil

The loose layer of earth covering the planet's surface, formed from disintegrated rock, humus, inorganic, and organic materials.

Soil Types

Categories of soil based on texture, proportions, and organic/mineral compositions, including sandy, silt, clay, and loamy soil.

Removal of Contaminants

Eliminating unwanted particles, inorganic/organic matter, and other substances from soil samples.

pH Measurements

Determining the acidity or alkalinity of soil samples, important for understanding soil properties and quality.

Microscopic Examination

Observing soil particles under a microscope to identify characteristics like color, shape, and presence of foreign materials.

Soil Mechanics

Study of soil behavior under different conditions, including structure, composition, compaction, and drainage properties.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)

Established protocols for conducting examinations, ensuring consistency and accuracy in forensic investigations.

Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)

A unit used to measure turbidity based on the amount of light scattered by particles in a liquid sample.

Turbidimeter

An instrument used to measure the turbidity of water or other fluids.

Colorimetric Test Kit

Equipment used to measure soil pH, includes necessary tools like mixing stick, plate, dye, and pH color chart.

Microscopic Analysis

The examination of soil specimens under a microscope to identify and quantify components like minerals, pollen, seeds, and non-mineral matter.

Soil Composition

Refers to the components that make up soil, including mineral matter and organic matter.

Mineral Matter

Classified into five main groups based on bonding characteristics, forming a significant part of soil composition.

Fats, Resins, and Waxes

Lipid extractable components in soil that affect properties and can be degraded by enzymes like lipase.

Soil Water

Provides a medium for plants to obtain nutrients and influences soil texture, arrangement, and compactness.

Root Hair

Absorbs water from the soil, aiding in plant nutrient uptake.

Calcium (Ca)

Improves soil structure by promoting flocculation and reducing soil dispersion, countering soil compaction effects.

Magnesium (Mg)

Moderates soil structure, crucial for plant growth, and can help reduce soil compaction.

Micronutrients

Essential for various plant functions, supporting root development and indirectly reducing soil compaction.

Tillage Practices

Deep ripping or subsoiling can temporarily alleviate soil compaction by improving aeration and root penetration.

Soil Amendments

Such as gypsum can help reduce soil compaction by enhancing soil structure and flocculation.

Ignition Test

A method used to determine the percentage of weight loss on ignition of a soil sample by heating it in a muffle furnace and comparing the weight before and after ignition.

pH Measurement

The process of measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a soil sample using a pH meter and standard electrolyte solutions.

Moisture Content

The amount of water present in timber, usually expressed as a percentage, which can be measured using methods like oven dry testing or moisture meters.

Father Heslin Murder Case

A historical case involving the kidnapping and murder of Father Patrick Heslin in 1921, where forensic analysis of sand grains played a crucial role in solving the crime.

Compressive Strength Test

A test where a sample brick is subjected to pressure until it fails, with the ultimate pressure level recorded to determine the compressive strength of the bricks.

Hardness Test

A test where the surface of a brick is scratched to assess its quality; no impression left indicates good quality.

Size, Shape, and Color Test

Inspection of twenty randomly chosen bricks for uniformity in shape, size, and color.

Bulking Test

A test to measure the increase in volume of sand when saturated, important for concrete batching.

Silt Test

A test to measure the percentage of silt in a sand sample to ensure it does not weaken concrete.

Test Cubes

Concrete cubes made and crushed to check if the concrete has achieved the required design strength.

Rebound Hammer Test

A test where the rebound of a hammer on concrete surface indicates its hardness and compressive strength.

Vibration Test

Uses ultrasonic pulses to measure vibrations in concrete samples, correlating with compressive strength.

Natural Causes

Factors such as rainfall, temperature, and pressure that can lead to building collapses and are uncontrollable.

Mumbai Building Collapses

Instances of building collapses in Mumbai due to high property prices, lack of maintenance, substandard materials, inadequate supervision, and violations of building codes.