unit 1.pptx

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35 Terms

1

Soil

The loose layer of earth covering the planet's surface, formed from disintegrated rock, humus, inorganic, and organic materials.

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2

Soil Types

Categories of soil based on texture, proportions, and organic/mineral compositions, including sandy, silt, clay, and loamy soil.

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3

Removal of Contaminants

Eliminating unwanted particles, inorganic/organic matter, and other substances from soil samples.

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4

pH Measurements

Determining the acidity or alkalinity of soil samples, important for understanding soil properties and quality.

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5

Microscopic Examination

Observing soil particles under a microscope to identify characteristics like color, shape, and presence of foreign materials.

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6

Soil Mechanics

Study of soil behavior under different conditions, including structure, composition, compaction, and drainage properties.

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7

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)

Established protocols for conducting examinations, ensuring consistency and accuracy in forensic investigations.

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8

Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)

A unit used to measure turbidity based on the amount of light scattered by particles in a liquid sample.

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9

Turbidimeter

An instrument used to measure the turbidity of water or other fluids.

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10

Colorimetric Test Kit

Equipment used to measure soil pH, includes necessary tools like mixing stick, plate, dye, and pH color chart.

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11

Microscopic Analysis

The examination of soil specimens under a microscope to identify and quantify components like minerals, pollen, seeds, and non-mineral matter.

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12

Soil Composition

Refers to the components that make up soil, including mineral matter and organic matter.

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13

Mineral Matter

Classified into five main groups based on bonding characteristics, forming a significant part of soil composition.

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14

Fats, Resins, and Waxes

Lipid extractable components in soil that affect properties and can be degraded by enzymes like lipase.

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15

Soil Water

Provides a medium for plants to obtain nutrients and influences soil texture, arrangement, and compactness.

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16

Root Hair

Absorbs water from the soil, aiding in plant nutrient uptake.

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17

Calcium (Ca)

Improves soil structure by promoting flocculation and reducing soil dispersion, countering soil compaction effects.

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18

Magnesium (Mg)

Moderates soil structure, crucial for plant growth, and can help reduce soil compaction.

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19

Micronutrients

Essential for various plant functions, supporting root development and indirectly reducing soil compaction.

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20

Tillage Practices

Deep ripping or subsoiling can temporarily alleviate soil compaction by improving aeration and root penetration.

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21

Soil Amendments

Such as gypsum can help reduce soil compaction by enhancing soil structure and flocculation.

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22

Ignition Test

A method used to determine the percentage of weight loss on ignition of a soil sample by heating it in a muffle furnace and comparing the weight before and after ignition.

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23

pH Measurement

The process of measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a soil sample using a pH meter and standard electrolyte solutions.

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24

Moisture Content

The amount of water present in timber, usually expressed as a percentage, which can be measured using methods like oven dry testing or moisture meters.

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25

Father Heslin Murder Case

A historical case involving the kidnapping and murder of Father Patrick Heslin in 1921, where forensic analysis of sand grains played a crucial role in solving the crime.

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26

Compressive Strength Test

A test where a sample brick is subjected to pressure until it fails, with the ultimate pressure level recorded to determine the compressive strength of the bricks.

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27

Hardness Test

A test where the surface of a brick is scratched to assess its quality; no impression left indicates good quality.

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28

Size, Shape, and Color Test

Inspection of twenty randomly chosen bricks for uniformity in shape, size, and color.

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29

Bulking Test

A test to measure the increase in volume of sand when saturated, important for concrete batching.

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30

Silt Test

A test to measure the percentage of silt in a sand sample to ensure it does not weaken concrete.

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31

Test Cubes

Concrete cubes made and crushed to check if the concrete has achieved the required design strength.

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32

Rebound Hammer Test

A test where the rebound of a hammer on concrete surface indicates its hardness and compressive strength.

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33

Vibration Test

Uses ultrasonic pulses to measure vibrations in concrete samples, correlating with compressive strength.

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34

Natural Causes

Factors such as rainfall, temperature, and pressure that can lead to building collapses and are uncontrollable.

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35

Mumbai Building Collapses

Instances of building collapses in Mumbai due to high property prices, lack of maintenance, substandard materials, inadequate supervision, and violations of building codes.

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