AP Bio Notes

Natural Selection

________: favorable traits that are heritable become MORE COMMON.

Fitness

________: how to measure capability of survival and reproduction.

Evolution

________: A genetic change in a population over time; sometimes leads to the production of new species.

Nature of Science

The ________: 1. seeks to explain the natural world 2. relies on evidence from the natural world to support evidence.

Compound

________ Leaves: Have a leaf with leaflets.

ORGANIC MOLECULES

________ were synthesized from atmospheric gases (violent electrical storms; lightning)

Organ

________- agroup of tissues that work together to perform a function.

Cellular respiration

________- way to get energy (mitochondria)

VIOLENT VOLCANISM

________ led to formation of an ATMOSPHERE.

Gradualism

________: incremental changes that accumulate over time.

Digestion

________- the breakdown of complex food materials into simpler forms.

Respiration

________- releases chemical energy from nutrients.

New genes

Migration: ________ enter or leave a population.

Palmate

________: Leaves with veins that come off of the stem.

Cline

________: full division of organisms no longer able to reproduce with one another (speciation division due to distance)

Sympatric Speciation

________: two populations living in the SAME ENVIRONMENT.

early organism

Photosynthesis by ________ contributed O2 to Atmosphere.

Hypothesis

________: formed as a possible explanation of the phenomenon.

Variables

________: the conditions in an experiment that are changed.

statement

Law: a(n) ________ that describes natural phenomena; a principle.

particular habitat

The organisms of a(n) ________ together with the physical environment in which they live.

Selection

________: Individuals best suited for their environment will survive and reproduce more.

Antibiotics

________: drugs that abolish the growth of micro- organisms.

Inheritance

________: traits can be passed down from parent to offspring.

Molecules

________- the smallest chemical unit of a compound that is capable of a stable, independent existence.

Gene Flow

________: change in allelic frequency within a population due to MIGRATION.

Equilibrium

Punctuated ________: rapid spurts of genetic change due to rapid change in environment.

Synthesis

________- organisms combine simple substances to form more complex substances, break down complex substances, release energy, by series of chemical reactions.

Experiment

________: an organized, purposeful test in which certain conditions are changed.

Allopatric Speciation

________: Two populations of same species are living in DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS.

Sexual reproduction

________: Existing DNA is rearranged.

similar traits

Convergent Evolution- the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve ________.

Atoms

________- the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element; all matter composed of ________.

Nutrients

________- substances organisms need to live.

Phenomenon

________: direct observation of something (a fact observed)

Biology

________: the study of life and living things.

Pinnate

________: Leaves where the veins come off of main vein.

Theory

________: a logical explanation of a natural event.

Observations

________: made of a particular problem, or natural phenomenon.

Convection current

________: circulation caused when heated, less dense material rises and is displaced by cooler, denser material.

Speciation

________: a possible result of evolution.

Core

________ melted- tremendous pressure; energy from radioactive decay.

Scientific Method

________: a logical method that utilizes a series of steps to investigate a problem or phenomenon.

Ozone layer

________: formed in upper atmosphere, blocking out most UV radiation (deadly to early life)

UV radiation

________ causes damage to DNA.

Community

________- the assemblage of different population living together in a defined area.

Micro

________- organisms: bacteria fungi, or protozoans.

Genetic Drift

________: change in allelic frequency within a population due to MUTATION.

Organisms

________ take in materials from their external environment and change them into forms useful to life: nutrition.

Tissues

________- a group of similar cells organized into a singular functioning unit.

Cline

full division of organisms no longer able to reproduce with one another (speciation division due to distance)

Corn

provides 8 essential peptides

The Nature of Science

1. seeks to explain the natural world 2. relies on evidence from the natural world to support evidence

Theory

well-supported explanation based upon OBSERVATION and EXPERIMENTATION

Elements of Theory

1. explain known phenomena 2. predict new events 3

Evolution

A genetic change in a population over time; sometimes leads to the production of new species

Population

A group of organisms of the same species

Species

A group of organisms that are capable of INTERBREEDING

Fitness

how to measure capability of survival and reproduction

Gradualism

incremental changes that accumulate over time

Punctuated equilibrium

rapid spurts of genetic change due to rapid environmental changes

Genetic Drift

change in allelic frequency within a population due to MUTATION

Gene Flow

change in allelic frequency within a population due to MIGRATION

Pinnate

Leaves where the veins come off of main vein

Palmate

Leaves with veins that come off of the stem

Simple Leaves

have a bud between stem and branch

Compound Leaves

Have a leaf with leaflets

Allopatric Speciation

Two populations of same species are living in DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

Sympatric Speciation

two populations living in the SAME ENVIRONMENT

Natural Selection

favorable traits that are heritable become MORE COMMON

Variation

not all individuals are identical in a population

mutations

random changes in DNA

sexual reproduction

Existing DNA is rearranged

migration

New genes enter or leave a population

Inheritance

traits can be passed down from parent to offspring

Selection

Individuals best suited for their environment will survive and reproduce more

Punctuated Equilibrium

rapid spurts of genetic change due to rapid change in environment

Speciation

a possible result of evolution

Antibiotics

drugs that abolish the growth of micro-organisms

Micro-organisms

bacteria fungi, or protozoans

phenomenon

direct observation of something (a fact observed)

data

facts and observations gathered and recorded about a problem

experiment

an organized, purposeful test in which certain conditions are changed

variables

the conditions in an experiment that are changed

Controlled experiment

only ONE VARIABLE is allowed to change (experimental observation); other factors are held constant

Experimental variable

what is changed in an experiment

Hypothesis

a possible explanation of phenomena

Theory

a logical explanation of a natural event

Law

a statement that describes natural phenomena; a principle

Scientific Method

a logical method that utilizes a series of steps to investigate a problem or phenomenon

observations

made of a particular problem, or natural phenomenon

Data

gathered and may lead to a solution

Hypothesis

formed as a possible explanation of the phenomenon

Controlled Experiment

developed and performed to test a hypothesis

Conclusions

made concerning the problem, and the accuracy of the hypothesis, based on result of experiment

Theory

may be formulated over time as a logical explanation of the observed phenomena

Scientific Method Order

Observations, data, hypothesis, controlled experiment, conclusions, theories

Biology

the study of life and living things

organisms take in materials from their external environment and change them into forms useful to life

nutrition

Nutrients

substances organisms need to live