Stem Cells Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from provided lecture notes, including cell cultures, stem cells, regeneration, transplants, diabetes, and other related topics.

2D Cell Culture

Growth as a monolayer on a surface

Advantage of 3D Cell Culture

It better mimics the physiological cellular microenvironment

Cellular Microenvironment

The local environment surrounding a cell, influencing its behavior

Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Hypoxic Environment

They enter a quiescent state

Microcarriers in Dynamic Cell Cultures

Microspheres that promote cell adhesion

Function of a Perfusion Bioreactor

To enhance nutrient exchange and waste removal

Structure Formed in Planaria After Amputation

Blastema

Inhibition of B-catenin by RNAi in Planaria

A tail is regenerated instead of a head

Cells that Proliferate to Regenerate Cardiac Tissue in Zebrafish

Cardiomyocytes

Regeneration

Complete restoration of original tissue

Phenomenon that Limits Cell Divisions Before Replicative Senescence

Telomere shortening

Type of Transplant Between Identical Twins

Syngeneic

Cells that Express the CD34+ Marker

Hematopoietic stem cells

Substance Used to Mobilize Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)

Advantage of Using Patient's Own Stem Cells in Transplant

Reduced risk of graft-versus-host disease

Role of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in Cryopreservation

Prevent ice crystal formation

Complication where Transplanted Cells Attack Recipient

Graft-versus-host disease

Complex Responsible for Presenting Antigens to T-Lymphocytes

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Immune Cells that Destroy Cells Failing to Present HLA Proteins

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Process that Separates Specific Cells from Blood

Apheresis

Cells Destroyed by Immune System in Type 1 Diabetes

Beta cells

Main Characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance

Location of Insulin-Producing Beta Cells

In the pancreatic islets of Langerhans

Hormone that Enables Cells to Uptake Glucose

Insulin

Stem Cell that Can Form All Embryonic and Extra-embryonic Structures

Totipotent

Event that Occurs When Sperm Fuses with Egg

Formation of the zygote

Technique Used to Isolate Inner Cell Mass from Blastocyst

Laser microdissection

Stem Cells Obtained by Reprogramming Adult Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)

Signaling Molecules Secreted by Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Paracrine

Stem Cells that can form only one specific cell type

Unipotent

Method that Prevents Embryonic Stem Cells from Differentiating

Culturing on feeder cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts)

Scientist who Generated the First Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)

Yamanaka

Dedifferentiation

From specialized cell to a less differentiated state

Type of Epigenetic Modification Removed During Cellular Reprogramming

Demethylation

One Major Application of Stem Cells for Disease Modeling

Replicating human disease conditions in the laboratory

Therapeutic Cloning

Replacing an egg's nucleus with that of an adult somatic cell