Conditioning
a fundamental learning process where certain experiences or stimuli make actions more or less likely, involving the formation, strengthening, or weakening of associations between stimuli and responses.
Behaviorists
Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanisms. However, later behaviorists suggested that animals learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn expectancy or awareness of a stimulus. Pavlov and Watson believed all animals and humans had the same laws of learning, but later behaviorists suggested the law of learning differed based on their biology.
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Conditioning
a fundamental learning process where certain experiences or stimuli make actions more or less likely, involving the formation, strengthening, or weakening of associations between stimuli and responses.
Behaviorists
Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanisms. However, later behaviorists suggested that animals learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn expectancy or awareness of a stimulus. Pavlov and Watson believed all animals and humans had the same laws of learning, but later behaviorists suggested the law of learning differed based on their biology.
Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov’s classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food).
Associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)
Acquisition
associating a response (behavior) with a consequence (stimulus = reinforcer or punisher)
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response
Unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, an automatic, unlearned reaction to a stimulus
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned response
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Extinction
In classical conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced.)
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of a weakened conditioned response.
Discrimination
(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been associated with a conditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced.) (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
Generalization
(also called stimulus generalization) in classical conditioning, the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. (In operant conditioning, when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations.)
Higher order conditioning
Higher-order conditioning demonstrates how a conditioned stimulus can be used to condition a new stimulus, creating a chain of associations.
Counterconditioning
like exposure therapy or aversive conditioning, is a behavior therapy that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
Taste aversions
a strong dislike or avoidance of a specific food or taste, developed after experiencing an illness or nausea shortly after consuming it, even if the illness is not directly caused by the food.
One-trial conditioning
the phenomenon where a behavior or association is learned after only a single exposure to a stimulus or situation, rather than requiring multiple repetitions or trials.
Biological preparedness
the innate tendency of organisms to form certain associations between stimuli and responses, particularly when those associations are related to survival, like fear of certain objects or taste aversions.
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.