hosa biomedical debate

Pathogen

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Antigens

Foreign material that invades the body

Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

What do vaccines do?

Vaccines teach bodies to recognize a pathogen

herd immunity

when # of immunized people in population reaches threshold

common side effects from a vaccine

discomfort at injection site, fatigue, and fever

Herd immunity threshold

% of population that needs to have immunity to prevent spread of a disease

Diseases that have been eradicated

rinderpest, smallpox

VICP

Vaccine Injury Compensation Program

progress on measles

95% reduction in measles from 1963

Live attenuated vaccines

use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease.

What diseases do live vaccines protect against?

measles, mumps, rubella, rotavirus, smallpox,chickenpox, yellow fever,

inactivated vaccines

use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease.

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific pieces of the germ — like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ).

What diseases do inactivated vaccines protect against?

hepatitis A, flu, polio, rabies

what do Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines protect against?

Hib, hepatitis b, HPV, whooping cough, pneumococcal disease, miningococcal disease, shingles

toxoid vaccines

use a toxin made by the germ that causes a disease.

what diseases do toxoid vaccines protect against

diphtheria, tetanus

intramuscular injection

administers the vaccine into the muscle mass

subcutaneous

administers the vaccine into the subcutaneous layer above the muscle and below the skin.

intradermal injection

administers the vaccine in the topmost layer of the skin.

oral administration

makes immunization easier by eliminating the need for a needle and syringe.

intranasal spray application

offers a needle free approach through the nasal mucosa of the vaccine

anaphylaxis

rare allergic reaction (one in a million vaccinees), unexpected, and can be fatal if not dealt with adequately.

how do you treat anaphylaxis?

using adrenaline

Immunocompromised patients

do not have the normal ability to fight off disease

AEFI

Adverse event following immunization: any untoward medical occurrence which follows immunization and does not have a causal relationship with the usage of the vaccine.

serious reactions

results in death, life-threatening, results in persistent or significant disability, requires inpatient hospitalization

severe reaction

not regulatory term, not life threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization

vaccination rate

85%