unit 5: Mental and physical health

Health psychology

Branch of psychology that looks at how physical health can impact behaviors thoughts and feelings

Stress

Causing someone to feel threatened or challenged

General adaptation syndrome

1. Alarm

2. Resistance

3. Exhaustion

Response to stress related to the fight or flight

Alarm

Arousal of the sympathetic nervous syste; body energized for immediate action

Resistance

Result of the parasympathetic rebound. Body cannot be aroused forever. If stressor persists for a long time, body goes into exhaustion mode

Exhaustion

Body’s resources are exhausted; immune system becomes impaired to functioning

Type a pattern

Behavior of competitiveness sense of time urgency, elevated feelings of anger and hostility

Type B pattern

Low level of preoccupations or competitiveness, generally easy going attitude

Tend and befriend theory

Humans when faced with threat will rely on others for support

Problem focused coping

Working with the problem to reduce stress

Emotion focused coping

Working with feelings around the problem rather than the problem itself

Positive psychology

Focuses on strengthens a person or community possesses to enable them to thrive

Disordered behavior

1. Behavior is unusual

2. Maladaptive

3. Society labels their behavior as abnormal

4. Behavior considered perceptual or cognitive dysfunction

DSM-5

Handbook for the identifications and classification of disordered behaviors

Psychoanalytic school

Interactions among conscious and especially unconscious parts of the mind were responsible for a great deal of disordered behavior

Humanistic school

Suggests that disordered behavior results in people lacking social support or not being able to reach their highest potential

Cognitive perspective

Views disordered behavior as faulty or illogical thoughts

Behavioral approach

Disordered behavior based on the notion that all behavior is learned

Biological view

Disordered behavior is manifestation of abnormal brain functions

Sociocultural approach

Society and culture help define what is acceptable behavior

Bio psychosocial psychology

Interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Diathesis stress model

Examines psychological disorders from the perspective of the interplay of vulnerability (genetic factor) with an external stressor that triggers vulnerability to manifest

Autism

Neurodevelopmental disorder. Starts in childhood; communication deficits,

ADHD

Hyperactivity, impulsivity

Communication disorders

Language deficit, speech sound irregularities

Motor disorders

Developmental coordination disorder

Schizophrenia

“split brain”; Disturbances in thought, perception, and speech

Delusions

Beliefs not based in reality (believing one can fly, one is someone else, etc)

Hallucinations

Perceptions that are not based in reality; seeing things, hearing things

Positive symptoms

Something’s that a person has that typical people don’t have (hallucinations)

Negative symptoms

Something everyone else has but one does not have

Catatonia

Disorganized motor behavior, can be negative or positive, lack of movement or excessive movement

Depressive disorders

Sad, empty, irritable mood.

Major depressive disorder

Person who experiences with these depressive symptoms for for thank 2 week period diagnosed with this

Persistent depressive disorder

For every known as dysthymia, chronic long term disorder

Bipolar disorder

Movement between two emotions: manic and depressive

Bipolar one and bipolar two

1. More servers and major mood swings

2. Milder

Anxiety

Related to emotional responses, but to a future threat or danger

Anxiolytics

Anti-anxiety medications

Panic disorder

Characterized by occurring panic attacks

Ataque de nervous

Form of panic disorder but experienced by Caribbean or Iberian descent

Generalized anxiety disorder

Characterized by almost constant state of automatic nervous system

Specefic phobia

Persistent irrational fears of events or objects

Agoraphobia

Being scared of open places

Social anxiety

Fear of social situations

Taijin kyofusho

Cultural boundaries anxiety disorder experienced mainly by Japanese people

OCD

Includes obsessions and compulsions

Derealization

Detached from reality “this isn’t rlly happening”

Dissociative identity disorder

Formerely known as multiple personality disorder; manifest a separate personality during that lost time

Post traumatic stress disorder

Involve intrusive thoughts related to trauma; ptsd symptoms

Anorexia nervosa

Intense fear of gaining weight

Bulimia nervosa

Eating large amounts of food in small amounts of time

Cluster A: personality disorders

Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypical PD

• appear to be markedly odd or eccentric

Paranoid pd

Distrust in others that is not justified by normal means

Schizoid typical

Disturbances in feelings (detached from feelings , no affection

Schizotypal pd

Marked by disturbances in thought (odd beliefs that do not quite qualify as delusional, such as superstitions like a “sixth sense”

Cluster B: Personality disorders

Includes:

• antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic pd.

Appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Depersonalization

Detached from oneself “this isn’t happening to me”

Antisocial pd(psychopath)

Characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

• Lying, cheating, having no remorse

Borderline personality disorder

Stormy relationship with the world and o self

• regular pattern of instability in relationships, identity disturbance, unstable moods/relationships

Histrionic personality

Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beyond what might be considered normal

Narcissistic pd

Involves an overinflated sense of self-importance, fantasies of success, belief that one is special

Cluster A: personalities disorders

Included:

• avoidant, dependent, and obsessive compulsive disorders

They seem to be anxious or fearful

Avoidant pd

Enduring pattern of social inhabitation, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to real/perceived criticism

Dependent pd

An excessive need to be cared for, leading to clingy submissive behaviors or fears of separation

Obsessive pd

Rigid concern for others, perfectionism, control, and work, at unwanted or intrusive thoughts

Psychosurgery

• most famous is the prefrontal lobotomy

Insight

Into the cause of the problem, primary key to eliminate the problem

Psychoanalysis

First developed my fried, focuses on probing past defense mechanisms of repression and rationalization to understand the unconscious cause of a problem.

Free association

Patient reports all thoughts/desires to therapists freely in comfortable setting

Transference

Patient shifts thoughts and feelings about certain ppl/events onto therapist

Counter transference

May occur is]f therapist shifts their thoughts onto patient

Client centered therapy

Invented by Carl rogers, involves the assumption that clients can be understood only in the terms of their own realities. Therapist is honest and opened with client.

Unconditional positive regard

Unconditional positive support to client to achieve unconditional self-worth

Accurate empathetic understanding

Therapists view to see the world from clients eyes

Gestalt therapy

Combines both physical and mental therapies

Cognitive therapy

Formulated by Aaron beck, which focuses on maladaptive schemas; works by changing one’s cognitions

• these schemas cause clients to experience cognitive distortions, which in turn lead them to feel incompetent or worthless

Negative triad

Negative view of self, of the world, and of the future

• often created through experiences and then becomes a cycle of response

Arbitrary inference

Person draws conclusions without evidence

Dichotomous thinking

Involves all or nothing conceptions of situations (if I don’t get this, my life is destroyed)

Rational emotional behavior therapy

Based on the idea that when confronted with situations, people recite statements to themselves that express maladaptive thoughts

Behavioral therapy

• short term approach

• Treats symptoms

• No deep underlying cause of the problem

Counter conditioning

Technique in which a response to given stimulus replaced by a different response ( someone wants to stop drinking alcohol, therapist replaces good feelings associated with alcohol with bad ones)

Aversion therapy

Aversive stimulus repeatedly paired with the behavior client wishes to stop

Systematic desensitization

Technique involves replacing one response, such as anxiety, with another response, such as relaxation

Extinction procedures

Designed to weaken maladaptive responses

Flooding

Exposing client to the stimulus that causes undesirable responses

Implosion

Similar to flooding; client imagines the disruptive stimuli rather than actually confronting them

Behavioral contracting

In which the therapist and the client draw up a contract by which each agree to abide (client promises to not act in undesirable way)

Modeling

Therapeutic approach based on Bandura’s social learning theory

• clients watch someone in certain way and then receive reward

biofeedback

Ppl learn a variety of techniques including deep breathing and guided visualization to learn to have more control over the automatic nervous system

Group therapy

Clients meet together with a therapist as an interactive group

Twelve step program

Combination of spirituality and group therapy

Couple/family therapy

Self explanatory

Psychopharmacolofy

Treatment psychological and behavioral maladaptation with drugs

Psychotropic (active drugs)

Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and lithium

Antipsychotics

Reduce symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the neural receptors for dopamine

Antidepressants

1. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

2. Tricyclics

3. Selective reputake inhibitors

MAO inhibitors

Work by increasing the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine in synaptic cleft