PHEO 678 Exam 1: Key Terms in Medicine & Definitions

Definition of Ergonomics

- law of work

- fitting the job to the worker and not the worker to the job

4 goals of ergonomics

- efficient production

- improve quality of work life

- improve product quality

-optimize health & safety

core science in ergonomics

anatomy, engineering, physics, psychology, anthropology, physiology, medicine, and epidemiology

Fredrick Taylor

-Father of scientific management

-1st management consultant

-systematic observational & study

-Bethlehem Steel (shoveling)

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth

- time and motion studies

- movement and reducing fatigue

- Therbligs

Bernardino Ramazzani

- industrial hygiene

- study occupational diseases

Fredrick Bartlett

- studied pilot stress

- fit man to job (FMJ)

What does human factors put more emphasis on

integration of human consideration into total system design process

Benefits of Ergonomics

1. safer job with fewer injuries

2. increased efficiency & productivity

3. improved quality & fewer errors

4. improved morale

levels of prevention

primary, secondary, tertiary

primary prevention

prevention of disease before it happens

secondary prevention

early detection of asymptomatic disease

tertiary prevention

reduce long-term dysfunction

occupational variables are associated with what?

increase incidence in diseases/case

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders

the adverse health effect that arise from repeated exposure to mechanical stresses in occupational settings

epidemiological evidence of WMDS

- no single comprehensive surveillance data system providing necessary data to link MSDs and work

- with no system, it is necessary to examine elements of the association, as represented on several incomplete, somewhat overlapping data source

Theories of causation of WMDS

- exposure-specific task elements

- dose-magnitude of biomechanical & physiological stress

- dosage pattern of temporal loading (duration & repetition)

- excessive biomechanical stress

- normal tissue respond with adaptive or degenerative changes

- excessive dosage leads to pathology

different types of MSD

- impingement syndrome

- epicondylitis

- carpal tunnel syndrome

impingement syndrome

irritation of the rotator cuff at the tendon

medinal epicondylitis

- small tear of the muscle/tendon unit on the inside of the elbow

- also known as golfer elbow or little league elbow

lateral epicondylitis

tennis elbow

- microscopic tears in tendon

- extensor muscles of arm

- inflamed or injured tendon tissue

Trigger Finger

formation nodule in tendon from repeated trauma

definition of anthropometric

measurement & analysis of human dimensions

anthropometric in ergonomics

to create the best possible situation on the job relative to:

- welfare of workers physical & mental health

- efficiency of production

- quality of product produced

Anthropometric basic design philosophies

- design for average

- design for extreme

- design for range

(5th to 95th percentile accommodates 90% of population)

Design principles

- design for largest person (clearance)

- design for smallest person (reach)

- design for average person (other)

- design for adjustability

types of anthropometry

- static (structural): body feature measurement are taken w/ body in fixed position

- dynamic (functional): dimensional obtained with body involved in physical activity

external dimensions

dimensions must be related to physical landmarks

What do most investigators assume with anthropometric data?

data is normally distributed

anatomical position

- universal "starting point"

- all joints are considered to be in a neutral position

- no movement has occurred yet

- arms slightly to side

- standing erect, palms and feet facing forward

sagittal plane

the plane that creates a right and a left side of the body passing from the front to the back

horizontal plane

also called the transverse plane, create a top and a bottom

frontal plane

also called lateral plane, create a front and a back side as it passes from one side of the body to another

Superior

refers to something that is above or higher than another structure

inferior

refers to something that is below or lower than another structure

lateral

refers to something farther away from the midline of the body

medial

refers to something closer to the midline of the body

anterior

refers to a structure that is in front of another structure

posterior

refers to a structure that is behind another structure

proximal

closer to the trunk of the body

distal

farther from the trunk of the body

dorsal

top side of a structure (dorsal fin)

plantar

underside of a foot

prone

means laying face down

supine

means lying face up

afferent

directed toward a center

efferent

directed away from center

central

situated or pertaining to center

peripheral

situated away from center

median

situated in midline of a structure

intermediate

situated between median (middle) and lateral (side)

deep

situated far beneath the surface

superficial

situated near the surface

flexion

decreasing the angle formed by the bones of the joint

extension

increasing the angle of the joint

hyperextension

extreme or excessive straightening of a part

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

internal (medial) rotation

anterior surface of the arm or leg rotates medially toward midline

external (lateral) rotation

anterior surface of the arm or leg rotates laterally away from midline

Circumduction

movement in 2 or 3 planes

at which joints is the movement possible? hip and shoulder

pronation

turning the forearm toward the body

supination

turning the forearm outward from pronated position (holding cup of soup)

Dorsiflexion

bringing the toes up towards the body

plantar flexion

pointing the toes down away from body

abrasion

skin surface scraped away

acute

recent or new injury; sudden onset

atrophy

wasting away of tissue or an organ

avulsion

tearing away of a part or a structure

bursa

fluid filled sac

calcification

deposits of calcium in an area

chronic

injury with long onset and long duration

contraindictate

to advise against

Contrusion

bruise

crepitus

crackling sound

cyanosis

blue discoloration

dislocation

compete separation of two end joints

subluxation

partial or incomplete separation of a joint

ecchymosis

bruising, blue color

edema

swelling in tissue

effusion

swelling in joint

facture

break in the bone

hematoma

collection of or swelling that is blood, blood tumor

incision

straight cut, surgical cut

indicate

advise the use of

inflammation

body's response to injury

joint laxity

looseness in the joint

laceration

jagged tear of skin

ligament

structure that connects bone to bone

tendon

connect muscle to bone

modality

healing apparatus

Point tenderness

pain produced when structure is palpated

puncture wound

body part is pierced or stabbed by an object

range of motion

amount of movement allowed at joint

referred pain

pain felt somewhere other than its origin

sprain

stretching or tearing of ligaments

valgus

position of a body part that is bent outward

varus

position of a body part that in bent inward

skeletal system components

- hemopoietic tissue (responsible for forming blood cells)

- tendons

- ligaments

- bone

- cartilage

long bone

arms and legs, finger toes