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the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System
The Nervous system is primarily composed of two systems. What are they?
Complexity
Characteristics of the Nervous System:
the brain and nervous system being complex allows the individual to do activities of different kinds
Integration
Characteristics of the Nervous System:
refers to the ability of the brain to pull information together
Adaptability
Characteristics of the Nervous System:
the ability to constantly adapt to the changes in the body and the environment
Electrochemical Transmission
Characteristics of the Nervous System:
the brain being the information processing system, powered by electrical impulses and chemical messages, allows the individual to perceive and respond to stimuli
plasticity
A term that denotes the brain's special capacity for modification and change
Afferent Nerves
Sensory Nerves that transport information to the brain.
Efferent Nerves
Motor Nerves that carry the brain's output or response
Peripheral Nervous System
A primary composition of the Nervous System which is the network of nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to other parts of the body.
the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two different nervous systems. What are they?
Somatic Nervous System
A division of PNS consisting of sensory nerves and motor nerves.
Somatic Nervous System
A voluntary division of the PNS.
Autonomic Nervous System
The division of the PNS that communicates with the body's internal organs
Autonomic Nervous System
The involuntary division of the PNS.
the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems
Autonomic Nervous System consists of two divisions which are ______ and _______.
Sympathetic Nervous System
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body
Parasympathetic Nervous System
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body
Soma or the cell body
A part of a neuron that contains the cell's nucleus and is responsible for the cell's health and well-being
Dendrites
A part of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons
Axon
A part of a neuron that transmits information on additional neurons
Myelin Sheath
A part of a neuron that is the layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons which helps speed up the transmission of nerve impulse
Synaptic Cleft
Refers to the gap between the axon and the dendrite/cell body across which neural transmission occurs.
Neurotransmitters
A chemical that sends signals from one neuron to another over the synaptic cleft
only one kind of transmitter
How many kinds of transmitter can a receptor bind with?
vesicles
Neurotransmitters are stored in _______ in the terminal buttons.
reuptake
A special chemical reaction to reabsorb the neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
enables muscle action, learning, & memory
Dopamine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
influences voluntary movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Dopamine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning
Serotonin
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
regulates sleep and wakefulness, mood, attention, and learning
Norepinephrine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
helps control alertness and arousal
Glutamate
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory
Acetylcholine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
Low level of chemical produced by this transmitter results to Alzheimer's disease
Dopamine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
Low level of chemical produced by this transmitter results to Parkinson's disease
Serotonin
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
Low level of chemical produced by this transmitter results to depression
Glutamate
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
High level of chemical produced by this transmitter results to overstimulation of brain and seizures
Norepinephrine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
Low level of chemical produced by this transmitter results to depressed mood
Dopamine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
High level of chemical produced by this transmitter results to schizophrenia
Acetylcholine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
stimulates the firing of neurons and is involved in the action of muscles, learning, and memory
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
helps control the preciseness of the signal being carried from one neuron to the next
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
low level of this is linked to anxiety
Norepinephrine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
too much is linked with agitated and manic states
Norepinephrine
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
excites the heart muscle, intestine, and urogenital tract
Endorphins
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
natural opiates that mainly stimulate the firing of neurons
Endorphins
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
shields the body from pain and elevates the feeling of pleasure
Glial Cells (neuroglia)
Cells that provide chemicals that serve as the clean-up crew by removing dead neurons and excess neurotransmitter substances
Sensory Neuron, Interneurons, Motor Neurons
What are the three kinds of neuron?
Resting Potential
A neural impulse wherein there is a stable negative charge of an inactive neuron
Action Potential
A neural impulse wherein there is a brief wave of electrical charge that sweeps down the axon during the transmission of a nerve impulse
All-or-none Principle
A neural impulse wherein once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, it fires and over all the way down to the axon without losing any of its intensity
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
What are the three major components of a human brain?
The Midbrain
A major component of the brain that is composed of the reticular formation and the brainstem
The Hindbrain
A major component of the brain that is made up of several smaller structures, such as the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum
The Forebrain
A major component of the brain that is mainly consists the Cerebral Cortex, Limbic System, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala
OLDER
OLDER or NEWER part of the brain:
lower level structures, responsible for basic survival mechanisms
NEWER
OLDER or NEWER part of the brain:
higher level structures, responsible for more advanced human faculties
brainstem
The set of neural structures at the base of the brain, including the medulla, the reticular formation, and the pons
medulla
controls heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing
reticular formation
regulates alertness and autonomic nervous system activity
pons
controls a variety of functions, including sleep and control of facial muscles
cerebellum
the "little brain" extending from the rear of the brainstem
cerebellum
This particular structure of the brain occurs without conscious effort
thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard
limbic system
doughnut-shaped system of neural structures
limbic system
involved in the basics of emotion and motivation: fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproduction
hypothalamus
plays a center role in controlling eating and drinking, and in regulating the body's temperature,
hypothalamus
"pleasure center" of the brain
hippocampus
doesn't contain memories itself but does trigger processes that store memories elsewhere in the brain
amygdala
almond-shaped structure that plays a critical role in anger and fear
cerebral cortex
the convoluted pinkish-gray surface of the brain where most mental processes take place
left brain
RIGHT or LEFT brain:
written language, spoken language, number skills, reasoning (analytic and verbal)
right brain
RIGHT or LEFT brain:
insight, art awareness, imagination/creativity, music awareness (intuitive and perceptual)
left brain
RIGHT or LEFT brain:
controls the right side of our body
right brain
RIGHT or LEFT brain:
controls the left side of our body
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal Lobe
LOBES OF THE BRAIN:
is largely responsible for a wide variety of human activities
Parietal Lobes
LOBES OF THE BRAIN:
the brain lobe at the top and center/rear of the head
Parietal Lobes
LOBES OF THE BRAIN:
involve in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control
Occipital Lobes
LOBES OF THE BRAIN:
the brain lobe at the back of the head and primarily responsible for vision
Temporal Lobes
LOBES OF THE BRAIN:
the brain lobe under the temples, in front of the ears
somatosensory strip
Other name of sensory cortex
Sensory Cortex
a cortex that registers sensation on the body and is organized by body part
Motor Cortex
A cortex that controls fine movements and is organized by body part (just like the sensory cortex)
Plasticity
The brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage.
Left-handed or lefties
Handedness that is likely to experience reading disabilities, allergies, and migraine headaches.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by secreting hormones to the bloodstream
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the glands in the system
Pituitary Gland
ENDOCRINE GLAND:
known as the master gland
Pineal Gland
ENDOCRINE GLAND:
secretes the hormone melatonin which regulates the sleep and wake cycle
Thyroid Gland
ENDOCRINE GLAND:
secretes a hormone called thyroxin that regulates metabolism (how fast the body burns its available energy)
Pancreas
ENDOCRINE GLAND:
controls the blood sugar level by secreting the insulin and glucagon
Adrenal Glands
ENDOCRINE GLAND:
produces the main hormone cortisol (steroid) and regulate moods, energy, and the ability to cope with stress.
Gonads
ENDOCRINE GLAND:
produces sex hormones responsible for primary and secondary sex characteristics
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters that "excite" the neuron and cause it to "fire off the message," meaning, the message continues to be passed along to the next cell.
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters that block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any farther.
Modulatory neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters that influence the effects of other chemical messengers. They "tweak" or adjust how cells communicate at the synapse
1.) diffusion - They fade away
2.) reuptake - They are reabsorbed and reused by the nerve cell that released it
3.) degradation - They are broken down by enzymes within the synapse so it can't be recognized or bind to the receptor cell
What happens to neurotransmitters after they deliver their message?
State the three specific processes.
Amino Acids Neurotransmitters, Monoamines Neurotransmitters, and Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
What are the three different types of Neurotransmitters?
Adaptability
Plasticity occurs in this characteristic of the nervous system.
Thalamus
This neural structure is found in the brainstem.
