Exam 1 Review

Osteokinematics

movement of bones around a joint axis [ex. flexion/extension, abd/add, medial/lateral rotation]

Arthrokinematics

The motions of joints in the body [ex. roll, girdle, spin]

origin

proximal attachment of a muscle; more stable bone

Insertion

distal attachment of a muscle; more moveable bone

excursion

distance from maximum lengthening to maximum shortening

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Strains

overstretching/tearing of a muscle/tendon

Sprains

partial/complete tearing of ligaments

subluxation

partial dislocation of a joint

Dislocation

the total displacement of a bone from its joint

frontal plane (coronal plane), sagittal axis

abducation/adduction; radial/ulnar deviation

sagittal plane, frontal axis

flexion & extension

horizontal plane (transverse plane), vertical axis

rotation, supination/pronation, horizontal abducation/adduction

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

epiphysis of a bone

ends of bone, mostly spongy bone

diaphysis of a bone

middle of bone; bone shaft

metaphysis of bone

The area between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

trabeculi in a bone

The spongy area of the bone.

medullary cavity of bone

The space where marrow is located.

periosteum of bone

The membrane on the outer surface of bones

endosteum of bone

A thin layer of connective tissue inside the bone.

types of long bones

femur, humerus

types of short bones

carpals and tarsals

Types of irregular bones

vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones

Types of flat bones

cranial, sternum, ribs, scapula

synovial joints (diarthrodial joints)

DOESN'T have a direct connection between bones; movement > stability

fibrous joints

3 types; ligamentous, gomphosis & suture

suture

no motion; provides strength & shape (ex. skull)

ligamentous joints (interosseus membrane)

minimal twisting/stretching motion (ex. tibia/fibula)

gomphosis joint

peg in socket; no motion (ex. tooth in socket)

cartilaginous joints

hyaline cartilage/fibrocartilage between 2 bones; motion < stability

non-axial joints

movement = linear; irregular joint shape; gliding motion; (ex. carpal bones)

Uni-axial joints

Move in one plane. Include: Hinge & pivot (ex. knee & elbow)

Bi-axial joints

Move in two planes. Include: Saddle (ex. thumb) & Condyloid (ex. wrist)

tri-axial joints

motion in three planes/axes; ball & socket; most mobile (ex. femur)

one degree of freedom

moves in 1 plane; hinge joint (ex. elbow)

Two degrees of freedom

moves in 2 planes; MCP joint (ex. wrist)

Three degrees of freedom

moves in 3 planes; ball & socket joints (ex. shoulder)

End feel

the quality of the movement a person senses when pressure is applied passively to a joint at the end of its available range of motion; 3 types

soft end feel

tissue to tissue (ex. elbow flexion)

firm end feel

muscle/capsular/ligamentous stretch (ex. wrist flexion)

hard end feel

bone to bone (ex: elbow extension)

Abnormal End Feel

happens sooner/later than normal; boggy (soft tissue edema), muscle spasm (muscle guarding), empty (pain), springy (rebound/torn cartilage)

Convex-Concave Rule

concave moves & convex is fixed = rolls & slide in SAME direction (ex. kicking )

concave is fixed & convex moves = rolls in same direction & glides in OPPOSITE direction (ex. sit to stand)

active insufficiency

muscle = unable to shorten; occurs to agonist (prime mover); (ex. hamstring flexing knee)

passive insufficiency

muscle = unable to lengthen; occurs to antagonist; (ex. hamstring stretch)

Muscle names

location, shape, size, direction of fascicles/fibers, attachments, number of heads/divisions, or action

Isometrics

muscle contracts & produces force WITHOUT changing muscle length; no motion (ex. planks)

Isotonic

same tension; muscle contracts; muscle length & joint angle changes;

2 types: concentric & eccentric

Isokinetic

using equipment ONLYl resistance to movement varies BUT speed stays the same

concentric contraction

muscle shortens; move AGAINST gravity; acceleration activites

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens; move WITH gravity; deceleration activities

Agonist muscle

prime mover; muscle causing action (ex. elbow flexion = biceps)

antagonist muscle

opposite motion of agonist; usually inactive (ex. elbow flexion = triceps)

Stabilizer Muscle

Muscle/muscle group, which maintains the position of the body/body part while not actually taking place in the action

1st class lever

axis = between force & resistance; designed for balance (ex. seesaw)

2nd class lever

resistance = between axis & force; designed for power (ex. wheelbarrel)

3rd class lever

force = between axis & resistance; designed for ROM (most common)

Newton's 1st Law

(Law of Inertia) an object in motion tends to stay in motion & an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an outside force.

Newton's 2nd Law

Force = mass x acceleration

Newton's 3rd Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

force couple

two forces acting in opposite directions to rotate a part around an axis (ex. clockwise/counter clockwise)

stable equilibrium

disturbance = COG to be raised (ex. lying on the floor vs. standing)

unstable equilibrium

small force is needed to cause disturbance (ex. single leg stance)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

cranial & spinal nerves, brachial & lumbosacral plexus

afferent (sensory) neuron

dendrites; located posterior horn of spinal cord; dorsal root ganglion

from periphery TOWARD cell body -> spinal cord

efferent (motor) neuron

cell body & dendrites; anterior horn of spinal cord

conducts impulses from spinal cord AWAY to to the periphery

cervical plexus

C1-C5

brachial plexus

C5-T1

lumbosacral plexus

L1-S3

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

abduction/adduction

abd = away from midline

add = toward midline

horizontal abduction/adduction

lateral movement = abd

medial movement = add

radial/ulnar deviation

radial = thumb toward wirst; lateral movement

ulnar = pinkie toward wrist; medial movement

lateral flexion

bends vertebral column from side to side

medial and lateral rotation

med = anterior surface toward midline

lat = anterior surface away midline

supination and pronation

sup = palm up/anteriorly

pron = palm down/posteriorly

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

opposition/reposition

opp = thumb & pinkie torward each other

repo = anatomical position

scapular retraction/protraction

retract = pulling scapula back toward vertebrae

protract = scapula moving away from vertebrae

scapular elevation/depression

elevation = scapula moves up

depression = scapula moves down

plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

plantar = extension; toes down

dorsi = flexion; toes up

inversion/eversion

inver = sole of foot faces medially; ankle moves laterally

ever = sole of foot faces laterally; ankle moves medially

Foramen

hole that allows blood vessels, nerves & ligaments to pass

(ex. vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra)

Fossa

hallow or depression

(ex. glenoid fossa of scapula)

groove

long, narrow channel that contains a tendon/nerve/blood vessel

(ex. bicipital groove of humerus)

Meatus

canal/tube-like opening in a bone

(ex. external auditory meatus)

sinus

air/fluid filled cavity

(ex. frontal sinus)

Condyle

Rounded knuckle-like projection

(ex. medial condyle of femur)

eminence

projecting, prominent part of bone

(ex. intercondylar eminence of tibia)

facet

flat/shallow articular surface

(ex. articular facet of rib)

head

rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone

(ex. femoral head)

Crest

sharp ridge/border

(ex. iliac crest)

Epicondyle

prominence above/on a condyle

(ex. medial epicondyle of humerus)

line

similar to crest; less prominent

(ex. linea aspera of femur)

spine

long, thin projection (spinous process)

(ex. scapular spine)

Tubercle

small rounded projection

(ex. greater tubercle of humerus)