ATI TEAS 7 Science Chemistry with Nurse Cheung | Properties of Solutions, Osmosis, Diffusion

What unique property of water allows it to dissolve many substances?

Polarity of water due to uneven distribution of charges.

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds.

Define adhesion in the context of water.

Attraction of water molecules to dissimilar objects.

Define cohesion in the context of water.

Attraction of water molecules to themselves.

What is a solution?

A homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes completely dissolved in a solvent.

What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?

Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition; heterogeneous mixtures have visible distinct components.

What is a solute?

A component of a solution that can be dissolved and is present in smaller amounts.

What is a solvent?

A substance that dissolves other substances and is present in larger amounts.

What does it mean for water to be a universal solvent?

Water can dissolve a wide variety of substances, especially polar substances.

What is the definition of hydrophobic substances?

Substances that do not dissolve well in water and tend to repel it.

What is the definition of hydrophilic substances?

Substances that dissolve readily in water.

What does molarity (M) represent?

The concentration of a substance, measured in moles of solute per liter of solution.

What is dilution?

Adding more solvent to a solution, decreasing its concentration.

What is osmosis?

The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.

What direction does water move during osmosis?

From areas of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to areas of low water concentration (high solute concentration).

What is a hypertonic solution?

A solution with a higher solute concentration relative to another solution.

What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?

Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

What is a hypotonic solution?

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution.

What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?

Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst.

What is an isotonic solution?

A solution with equal concentrations of solutes to the plasma, preventing osmotic imbalance.

What is diffusion?

The net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from high to low concentration.

What is facilitated diffusion?

A type of diffusion that requires a protein channel to assist molecules that cannot cross the membrane directly.

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

Distance, temperature, solvent characteristics, mass of substance, and nature of the barrier.

What is active transport?

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy from the cell.

What energy source is typically used in active transport?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Why is active transport vital for cells?

It maintains essential functions like nutrient uptake, waste removal, and ion balance.