Fundamentals Exam 4

adaptation

adjustment of living with other living things and environmental conditions

arousal

condition in which the cortical area of the brain receives and responds appropriately to stimuli

disturbed sensory perception

a state in which the individual or group experiences or is at risk for a change in the amount, pattern, or interpretation of incoming stimuli

gustatory

pertaining to taste

kinesthesia

awareness of positioning of body parts and body movement

olfactory

pertaining to smell

proprioception

description of the sense, usually at a subconscious level, of the movements and position of the body, especially its limbs, independent of vision

reticular activating system

network of neurons in the core of the brainstem, with ascending and descending tracts to other areas of the brain that monitor and regulate incoming sensory stimuli and level of arousal

sensoristasis

arousal state of the reticular activating system; general drive state

sensory deficit

impaired or absent functioning of one or more senses

sensory deprivation

condition resulting from decreased sensory input or input that is monotonous, unpatterned, or meaningless

sensory overload

condition resulting from excessive sensory input to which the brain is unable to meaningfully respond

sensory perception

conscious process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting data from the senses into meaningful information Sensory/perceptual alteration disturbance in the body’s ability to receive or process data from its internal or external environment

sensory poverty

condition that results when one learns about the world without experiencing it up close, right here, right now

sensory processing disorder

difficulty in the way the brain takes in, organizes, and uses sensory information, causing a person to have problems interacting effectively in the everyday environment

sensory reception

the process of receiving data about the internal or external environment through the senses

stereognosis

the sense that perceives the solidity of objects, their size, shape and texture

stimulus

agent, act, or other influence capable of initiating a response by the nervous system

tactile

pertaining to touch

visceral

pertaining to inner organs

4 conditions that must be met in each sensory experience

1.A stimulus-an agent, act, or other influence capable of initiating a response by the nervous system—must be present.

2.A receptor or sense organ must receive the stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse.

3. The nerve impulse must be conducted along a nervous pathway from the receptor or sense organ to the brain.

4. A particular area in the brain must receive and translate the impulse into a sensation.

adaptation

adjustment of living with other living things and environmental conditions

allostasis

the process of achieving stability or homeostasis through physiologic or behavioral change

anxiety

vague sense of impending doom or apprehension precipitated by new and unknown experiences

burnout

(1) cumulative state of frustration with the work environment that develops over a long time; (2) behaviors exhibited as the result of prolonged occupational stress

crisis

(1) point at which body temperature drops rapidly to normal; (2) occurs when coping and defense mechanisms are no longer effective, resulting in high levels of anxiety, disorganized behavior, and the inability to function normally

crisis intervention

five-step problem-solving technique to promote adaptation and improve future coping

defense mechanism

forms of self-deception; unconscious process the self uses to protect itself from anxiety or threats to self-esteem

fear

a feeling of dread; a cognitive response to a known threat

fight or flight response

the body preparing itself against threat, to either resist (fight) or evade (flight) the danger

general adaptation response

biochemical model of stress describing the body’s general response to stress

homeostasis

various physiologic and psychological mechanisms respond to changes in the internal and external environment to maintain a balanced state

inflammatory response

localized response of the body to injury or infection; protective mechanism that eliminates invading pathogens and allows for tissue repair to occur

local adaptation syndrome

localized response of the body to stress, precipitated by trauma or pathology

psychomatic disorder

physiologic alterations and illness believed to be due to psychological influences

reflex pain response

automatic response of the central nervous system to the stimulus of pain

stress

condition in which the human system responds to change in its normal balanced state

mild anxiety

present every day-increases alertness and perceptual fields (ex: vision and hearing) and motivates learning and growth-may interfere w/sleep but facilitates problem solving

moderate anxiety

narrows perceptual fields so that focus is on immediate concerns
ex: quavering voice, tremors, increased muscle tension, butterflies in stomach, slight increase in respirations and pulse

severe anxiety

very narrow focus on specific details, causing all behavior to be geared toward getting relief
-impaired learning ability and pt easily distracted

panic

causes a person to lose control and experience dread and terror

long term stress

poses a serious threat to physical and emotional health- as duration, intensity or number of stressors increases, the persons ability to adapt is lessened
-increased risk for disease/injury-recovery is also compromised
-alcoholism and drug abuse, depression, suicide, accidents and eating disorders have also been associated with chronic stress

situational stress

different from developmental stress because it does not occur in predictable patterns as a person progresses through life

ex: illness/traumatic injury, marriage/divorce, loss of things, new job, role change, etc.

body image

hos a person experiences one's body

depersonalization

subjective experience of the partial or total disruption of one’s ego and the disintegration and disorganization of one’s self-concept

false self

a sense of self that might develop in individuals who have the emotional need to respond to the needs and ambitions that significant people, such as parents, have for them

global self

term used to describe the composite of all the basic facts, qualities, traits, images, and feelings one holds about oneself

ideal self

self a person would like to be or thinks one should be; includes aspirations, moral ideas, and values

identity diffusion

failure to integrate various childhood identifications into a harmonious adult psychosocial identity

personal identity

an individual’s conscious sense of who he or she is

role performance

ability to successfully execute societal expectations regarding role-specific behaviors

self actualization

reaching of one’s potential through full development of one’s unique capabilities

self compassion

being kind and understanding when confronted with personal failings

self concept

mental image or picture of self; includes body image, subjective self, ideal self, and social self

self esteem

person’s perception of one’s total being, including self-worth and body image

factors affecting self concept

developmental considerations, internal/external resources, culture, history of success/failure, crises/life stressors, aging, illness,trauma

abstinence

refraining from having sex

biological sex

term used to denote chromosomal sexual development—male (XY) or female (XX)

bisexual

having sexual feelings for people of both sexes

cisgender

gender identity or role performance that matches society’s expectations based on biological sex

contraception

prevention of conception or pregnancy; also used to describe methods used for birth control

erogenous zones

areas of the body that produce sexual desire and arousal when stimulated

female genital mutilation

any procedure that involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for nonmedical reasons

gay

term used to describe homosexual males

gender dysphoria

diagnosis for a person whose biological sex at birth is contrary to the one with which the person identifies

gender identity

the inner sense a person has of being male or female, which may be the same as or different from biological sex; synonym for sexual identity

gender nonconformity

behaving and appearing in ways that are considered atypical for a person’s biological sex

gender role behavior

the behavior a person conveys about being male or female, which may or may not be the same as biological sex or gender identity

heterosexual

having sexual feelings for a person of the opposite sex

impotence

condition in which a man is unable to attain or maintain an erection to such an extent that he cannot have satisfactory sexual intercourse; synonym for erectile failure

intercourse

insertion of the penis into the partner’s vagina, anus, or mouth

lesbian

term for a homosexual female

sexual health

the integration of the somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual being in ways that are positively enriching and that enhance personality, communication, and love

sexual orientation

preferred biological sex of the partner of an individual

transgender

an inclusive term used to describe those who feel that the sex assigned to them at birth incompletely describes or fails to describe them

transsexual

person of a certain biological sex with the feelings of the opposite sex

agnostic

person who believes that nothing can be known about existence of a god

atheist

person who denies the existence of a god

faith

(1) spiritual dimensions of a person’s life regardless of religious affiliation; (2) confident belief in something for which there is no proof or material evidence

hope

ingredient in life responsible for a positive outlook, even in life’s bleakest moments

presencing

standing in the presence of another consciously believing in—and affirming—his or her capacity for wholeness

religion

organized system of beliefs about a higher power; often includes set forms of worship, spiritual practices, and codes of conduct

spiritual beliefs

practices associated with all aspects of a person’s life, including health and illness, that address the invisible “spirit”—a creative, mysterious, guiding power

spiritual distress

an alteration in spiritual health (e.g., spiritual pain, alienation, anxiety, guilt, anger, loss, despair)

spiritual healing

movement toward integration, from brokenness to wholeness

spiritual health

condition that exists when the universal spiritual needs for meaning and purpose, love and belonging, and forgiveness are met

spirituality

anything that pertains to a person’s relationship with a nonmaterial life force or higher power

spiritual needs

lack of anything necessary for spiritual health (e.g., meaning and purpose, love and relatedness, forgiveness)

5 factors that influence spirituality

developmental considerations, family, ethnic background, formal religion, life events

3 common spiritual needs

1. need for meaning and purpose
2. need for love and relatedness
3. need for forgiveness

active euthanasia

someone other than the patient commits an action with the intent to end the patient’s life, for example, injecting the patient with a lethal dose of a drug

actual loss

loss that can be recognized by others as well as by the person sustaining the loss, such as loss of a limb or a spouse

advance care planning

process of planning for future care in the event a person becomes unable to make his or her own decisions

advance directive

written directive that allows people to state in advance what their choices for health care would be if certain circumstances should develop

allow natural death order

an order that no attempts are to be made to resuscitate a patient who stops breathing or whose heart stops beating

anticipatory loss

condition in which a person displays loss and grief behaviors for a loss that has yet to take place

bereavement

state of grieving or going through the grief process

comfort measures only order

an order written to indicate that the goal of treatment is a comfortable, dignified death and that further life-sustaining measures are no longer indicated

death

(1) irreversible cessation of all functions of circulatory and respiratory functions; (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem; (3) termination of life

dnr

an order specifying that there be no attempt to resuscitate a patient in the event of cardiopulmonary arrest