learning and memory

behaviorism

all behaviors are conditioned

all behaviors are conditioned

behaviorism

bf skinner

operant conditioning and behaviorism

punishment/reinforcement and operant conditioning

behaviorism

reinforcement

increasing frequency of behavior

punishment

decreasing frequency of behavior

escape learning

behavior to remove a stimulus

avoidance learning

behavior to prevent a stimulus

behavior to remove a stimulus

escape learning

behavior to prevent a stimulus

avoidance learning

reinforcement schedules

fixed/variable ratio/interval

most resistant reinforcement schedule

variable ratio

preparedness

predisposition to learn behaviors similar to innate behaviors

instinctive drift

reversion to innate behavior after learning similar behavior

mirror nerons

located in frontal and parietal lobes of cerebral cortex to mimic others’ behaviors

method of loci

associating items to memorize with known locations

peg-word system

associating items to memorize with related or rhyming words

recall of entire list

whole report

recall of one row in list

partial report

sensory memory

fast decaying memory consisting of iconic and echoic

holds long term memories

cerebral cortex

elaborative rehearsal/encoding

association of information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory

working memory

supported by hippocampus allows manipulation of short term memory

short term memory stored in

hippocampus

types of long term memory

implicit and explicit memory

implicit memory

long term memory consists of items that do not need conscious recollection: skills, habits, conditioned responses

procedural memory

implicit memory pertaining to skills required to complete tasks

priming

implicit memories resulting in one stimulus affecting perception of another

positive proming

exposure to first stimulus improves processing of second stimulus

negative priming

first stimulus interferes with processing of second stimulus

explicit memory

require conscious recall: episodic, semantic, autobiographical memory

episodic memory

explicit memory of life experiences

semantic memory

explicit memory of ideas, concepts, or facts

autobiographical memory

explicit memories about our lives and ourselves, inclusive of episodic and semantic

semantic network

organizationof concepts based on similar meaning

spreading activation

unconscious activationo f linked concepts

context effect

recall aid by being in the same physical location where encoding took place

state dependent memory/effect

retrieval cue by being in same mental state as when information was learned

neurofibrillary tangles

associated with alzheimer’s

retrograde, anterograde amnesia, and confabulation

korsakoff syndrome

thiamine deficiency

korsakoff syndrome symptoms of amnesia

agnosia

inability to recognize objects people or sounds

proactive interference

old information interfering with new learning

retroactive interference

new information causing forgetting of old information

prospective memory

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future

reproductive memory

theory of memory recall in which past events can be stored and accurately recalled later

reconstructive memory

theory of memory recall in which imagination, semantic memory, and perception affect the act of remembering

misinformation effect

recall of an event is less accurate due to framing or injection of outside information into the memory

misinformation effect

recall of an event is less accurate due to framing or injection of outside information into the memory

intrusion error

memories that include a false detail from another memory

memories that include a false detail from another memory

intrusion error

long term potentiation

strengthening of neural connections through repeated use

strengthening of neural connections through repeated use

long term potentiation

synaptic pruning

breaking of weak neural connections

breaking of weak neural connections

synaptic pruning

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

inability to recall old memories

controlled processing

acoustic encoding

controlled processing by storing the way it sounds

self-reference effect

putting into context of own life

semantic encoding

controlled processing by putting into meaningful context