Public Speaking Final

Linear

views communication as something that one person does to another, communication flows in one direction only (like a river)

Source

The speaker

Encoding

When the speaker converts ideas into words

Message

Content or idea the source wants to provide the audience

Channel

how the message is delivered

Receiver

Where/who receives the message (audience)

Decoding

processing done by the receiver of the information presented

Noise

force that can impede the delivery and proper decoding of the message (can be physical or psychological)

EX: physical: other sounds, visual barriers, poor volume, distractions in the room, hunger

EX: psychological: preoccupation with other thoughts, emotional reaction to the topic, prejudice or ill will, unwillingness to listen, resistance to the messsage

Interactive

expands our understanding of the communication process by taking into account that messages flow back and forth from the receiver

Feedback (phone call or text)

Occurs as the receiver decodes the sender's message and is the response to the initial message

Environment

provides a deeper understanding of context than noise

EX: beliefs, context, history, participants, relationships, values

Transactional

complete explanation of communication, communication is constant, face-to-face communication; constantly adapting to feedback

Communication Apprehension

anxiety caused by the prospect of public speaking; associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

Low-context cultures

U.S. and Germany meaning is derived from the language used in an interaction, little emphasis on non-verbal communication

High-context cultures

Korea and Saudi Arabia meaning is derived from the nonverbal expressions, environment and situation

Informative speech

gives the audience information but does not try to convince an audience to do or believe something

EX: professor's lecture

Persuasive speech

intended to change or reinforce the audiences attitudes, actions, beliefs, or values

Commemorative speech

of celebration, honoring someone, presenting or accepting an award

Brainstorm

generating ideas and listing them as they come to mind

Concept map

also known as a mind map; is a visual representation of the potential areas you could cover in your speech

Background information

provide context; whom, what, when, where, why

Unique information

statistics, quotations, stories about people and events that are not common knowledge

capture the interest of your audience, gives the topic a personality

Evidentiary information

core of your speech; lends directly to your thesis and main points; statistics, testimony, examples; guts to your speech; how to evaluate information

Real example

an example that is factual

Hypothetical example

an example that is fictional, but believable and relevant

Brief

a very quick point that can be effective at any point in a speech

Extended examples

more information than brief examples

Statistics

summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand or visualize

Mean

average of numbers

Testimony

includes the words of other people

Expert testimony

the information must run from someone who is an expert on the topic

Peer testimony

audience to identify with that peer, provide information relevant to the topic of your speech

Supporting materials

the body of your speech is where you provide ______ ________

Outlining principles

subordination, coordination, division

Preparation outline

smooth fashion by visually illustrating the information you collected and the arguments you wish to make

- Each statement made in a complete sentence (per symbol)

Speaking outline

does NOT have full sentences unless citing a quote; the short version of a preparation outline

Internal summaries

reviews the point you just covered and indicates to the audience that you are preparing to move to another point

Sign points

key words that signal to the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another

Internal previews

informs the audience of the elements of the next point

Ad Hominem

attacking the opposing persons character instead of his or her argument

Ad Verecundiam

appeal to authority, if someone has more authority it automatically means their argument is correct

The Slippery Slope

relies on the belief that once a course of action is taken, other unavoidable events will inevitably occur

- AKA the domino effect

Non Sequitur

making an unjustified move from one idea to another; assuming someone is wealthy because they drive an expensive car or own nice furniture

Straw Man

speaker distorts the actual position of an opponent, misrepresents the opponent's position by oversimplifying that position, taking comments out of context that does not represent the opponent's position at all

Hasty Generalization

drawing conclusions about broad principles or categories based upon a small sample of evidence

Either-Or

assume there are only two alternatives when there are more

- limit the choices to force people into a specific direction

False Cause

assumes that one event causes another unrelated event to occur

- Superstitions are a result of a false cause

The Red Herring

Happens when the speaker introduces irrelevant ideas to focus attention away from the real issue (popular in politics)

Begging the Question

assume certain facts that have not been proven

- Fallacy: error in reasoning

Chronological order

presenting information in order in which they occur in time

Cause-Effect

explaining one or more things you claim cause a resulting event

Problem-Solution

the link between the two explicit (problem and solution) for the audience and also to focus on the past

Spatial

Explains material to an audience by emphasizing how things are physically related to one another in a defined area or space; Must follow a logical pattern in which the subject is located hear to the location of the previous one

Topical

Find a theme for a topic in a certain category

Persuasive Process

1. Issue Awareness
2. Comprehension
3. Acceptance
4. Integration

Issue Awareness (Stage 1) (Persuasive Process)

- Audiences often know some knowledge of the issue
- This will vary with how strongly they hold positions
- Know how much people know about the topic so you can alter it to get the best effects
- Focus on audience's attention
- Make audience aware of your feelings about why it should be important to them

Comprehension (Stage 2) (Persuasive Process)

- The audience needs to comprehend the complexity of the topic and what options are available to make an informed decision
- It can be simple or complex
- Give the audience the complete picture

Acceptance (Stage 3) (Persuasive Process)

- Occurs when the audience accepts that the issue is relevant to them
- Getting acceptance on an issue depends on whether you adequately explain the issue and how clearly you describe it

Integration (Stage 4) (Persuasive Process)

- The audience adopts the position you want them to take
- Occurs when audience fully understands the issue
- Depends on evidence, reasoning, logic, and credibility

Credibility

the ability of a person to inspire belief or trust in others, fluid concept: varies based on how we speak, what we speak about, and why we are speaking about it

Initial Credibility

Credibility that you have with the audience before you begin your speech

- not always zero, people with a name that is out there will not start at zero

Derived Credibility

whatever you say or do immediately influences your level of credibility

- Manifests during your presentation
- Credibility can increase or decrease by number of ways

Eulogy

When someone passes away

- emotional (sadness)
- celebration of a person's life, not to focus on the death
- focus on significant events, and accomplishments
- do not mock the person but emphasize the positivity they invoke
- no inside jokes

Toasts

more personal in nature and the celebration of the union of two people

- 2-3 minutes long
- most common at a wedding
- talk about the person being toasted
- name the people being celebrated
- No roasts

Presenting an award

- Short in duration
- Importance is the one you are introducing
- Announce the person in advance
- Talk about the award itself
- Explain the qualities required to win the award

Speech of Introduction

brief period of time to introduce the accolades of the person being introduced

- Not to call attention to themselves
- Refer to common experiences
- Hopeful future outlook
- Positive tone

Language differences

- Rely more on colorful language
- Rely on how they talk not so much on the information
- Make language more meaningful in these speeches

Emotional quality

Keeping others as well as your emotions in mind throughout your speech

Importance of context

connect the occasion to the audience

Less Rigid Organization

No specific structure; topic connects the values you are honoring

Models

3D actual representation of an object; made to scale; show how things are represented

Charts

visually depict summaries of numeric data for an audience

Graph

Illustrates numerical data to one anotherL

Line graphs

two aces to show growth, loss

Bar graphs

two aces, bar runs horizontal or vertical

Histogram

vertical bars used to represent the number of individuals that fit into that category

Pie graphs

circles sliced apart to represent percentages of the total "pie" for particular groups or categories

Objects

the actual thing being discussed not just a representation

Photographs

allow the audience to experience the event, and get an emotional response from the audience - enhancing your appeal

Language

The primary building block of any speech, full of symbols

Arbitrary

words have no real relationship to what they represent

EX: textbook (electronic or physical)
- Have no tie to the object they represent

Ambiguous

words do not have a precise or exact meaning, and can be used in different varieties

EX: viral (popular or infectious)
- leads to misunderstandings with people

Abstract

intangible

EX: animal - canine - golden retriever
- language can be more concrete or more abstract

Hierarchical

order things from top to bottom, more or less, smaller or larger

- creates structure and value in ordering things

EX: college structure (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior)

Repetition

repeating words or phrases

EX: "I have a dream" - MLKA

Alliteration

repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words

- Appealing to the ear

Parallelism

similarly structuring related words, phrases, clauses of speech

- Makes message more memorable
- Helps the audience to pay attention to key elements

Antithesis

Two ideas sharply contrast with one another are put side to side in a parallel structure

- Important to point out how two ideas contrast with one another

Similes

compares two things in a way that allows each to maintain its own respective properties while still making a connection between them

- using "like" or "as"

Metaphors

comparison between two objectsS

Synecdoche

use one part of something to represent the whole thing

Metonymy

using a tangible object to represent an otherwise intangible thingA

Archetypal

Transcend culture as it relates to common human experiences

Mixed

combine two objects that have no logical connection with each other

Narrative

essentially a story, were all human beings that are story-telling animals

Pronunciation

what words should sound like; mispronouncing something makes the speech feel unprepared

Articulation

the process of physically producing the sound that makes the word

- Happens when words run together
- Can damage credibility

Volume

with enough volume; ok to pause and ask if people can hear you

Pitch

How high or low your voice sounds

Rhythm

Pattern of movement, the cadence of your voice