Vocabulary 5

a circular pattern of repetitive thinking, often characterized by rumination or catastrophizing, that drains your mental energy

a loop of negative thoughts: vòng lặp suy nghĩ tiêu cực

without considering; not needing to allow for

irrespective (of): bất kể

The rules apply to everyone, irrespective of how long they have been with the company.

someone who tries to win a competition and achieve a position, esp. in politics or sports, against someone who has won it and now has that position

challenger (n) kẻ khiêu chiến; ứng cử viên cạnh tranh chức vô địch

These potential challengers decide one by one whether to enter the market in their home cities.

a strong first position from which further progress can be made

foothold (n) chỗ đứng, vị thế (đen lẫn bóng)

gain a foothold: We are still trying to gain a foothold in the Japanese market.

get a foothold: Having survived the attack, the team had hopes of getting a foothold in the game.

để tham khảo, để đối chiếu

for reference

Attached is the price list for your reference"

unpleasantly cold

bitter

a bitter wind 

the bitter cold of the Midwestern winters

a biting wind is unpleasantly cold

biting = icy 

A biting wind blew down from the hills.

a biting criticism, remark etc is cruel or unkind

a biting satire (sự châm biếm) on corruption

unkind and intended to upset someone

cutting = hurtful

a cutting remark

a bitter argument, battle etc is one in which people oppose or criticize each other with strong feelings of hate and anger

bitter dispute/battle/struggle etc The couple are locked in a bitter battle for custody of the children. 

The government faces bitter opposition to these policies. 

The countries are still bitter enemies.

saying things that are the opposite of what you mean, in order to make an unkind joke or to show that you are annoyed

caustic = sarcastic (sarcasm /ˈsɑːkæzəm/)

Was she being sarcastic?

sarcastic/caustic remark/comment/question He can’t help making sarcastic comments.

a way of speaking or writing that involves saying the opposite of what you really mean in order to make an unkind joke or to show that you are annoyed 

sarcasm /ˈsɑːkæzəm/)

‘Good of you to arrive on time, ’ George said, with heavy sarcasm (=very clear sarcasm).

hint/trace/edge/touch of sarcasm There was just a touch of sarcasm in her voice.

continuing until the end, even though this is difficult

to the bitter end

I will fight with you to the bitter end.

Now I'm committal to the bitter end.

unkind or critical

acid remark/comment/tone etc

I was expecting another of his acid remarks, but he remained silent.

unfriendly or looking bad-tempered

sour look/face/smile etc 

Eliza was tall and thin, with a rather sour face.

a sour-faced old man

if a government repeals a law, it officially ends that law

repeal /rɪˈpiːl/ bãi bỏ

The bill (dự luật) would repeal a 10% luxury tax on yachts and private planes.

ốm nghén

morning sickness

She has morning sickness

if you are rash, you do things too quickly, without thinking carefully about whether they are sensible or not

rash

Please Jessie, don’t do anything rash. 

Don’t go making any rash decisions about your future! 

It was rather rash of you to lend them your car.

easy to recognize

unmistakable

The language is confusing, but the actions are unmistakable.

a situation in which a price, etc. becomes lower, or a situation gets worse and is difficult to control because one bad event causes another

downward spiral (n) vòng xoáy đi xuống/sự trượt dốc/trượt dài

How to Stop the Downward Spiral of Depression before It Takes Over

snap yourself out of that downward spiral

He was caught in a downward spiral of addiction.

The downward spiral of her career was distressing to witness.

to think carefully and deeply about something

ruminate (formal)

ruminate on/over: He sat alone, ruminating on the injustice of the world.

depressive rumination: sự suy nghĩ tiêu cực

to avoid risks and actions that might cause problems or make you feel uncomfortable, with the result that you might not achieve what you want to achieve

play small (v) Sống an phận, sống thu mình, giậm chân tại chỗ / Không dám bứt phá

I used to play small because I was terrified of failure and what people might say about me.

The company is playing small by only focusing on the local market instead of expanding internationally.

a psychological or behavioral strategy you use to manage stress, trauma, or difficult emotion

coping mechanism (n) cơ chế ứng phó

Denial is a coping mechanism.

It's, um... probably just a coping mechanism I learned from my mom.

to have knowledge about something that most people do not have

be in the know

Oh, if she's being too nosy, you can tell her to buzz off. She just wants to be in the know.

He likes to be in the know when it comes to what's happening in the tech industry.

easily annoyed by unimportant things

crabby = bad-tempered

You’re a bit crabby this morning

easily annoyed or upset

strange and unusual

cranky

a cranky baby

He's been cranky all day.

quick to react in an angry way

snappy = irritable 

 She seemed snappy and impatient.

to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have

infer (v) suy luận, suy diễn, suy đoán

infer st from st 

A lot can be inferred from these statistics.

From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her killer.

to use the knowledge and information you have in order to understand something or form an opinion about it

deduce

deduce that: From her son’s age, I deduced that her husband must be at least 60

deduce from: What did Darwin deduce from the presence of these species?

to try to do something; an attempt to do st (n)

endeavor to = attempt = strive

Engineers are endeavoring to locate the source of the problem.

In spite of our best endeavors, it has proven impossible to contact her.

an amount of work, etc. done in a particular period of time (lưu lượng/lượng)

throughput /ˈθruːpʊt/

At the maximum there would be a daily throughput of 35,000 visitors/passengers

We need to improve our throughput because demand is high at the moment.

nuôi dạy nuông chiều

Permissive parenting

Permissive parenting may result in a lack of self-discipline.

Cha mẹ có con cái đã dọn ra riêng

Empty nester

My parents became empty nesters after I moved to college.

lợi ích tập thể/lợi ích chung

Common good

nuôi dưỡng tinh thần đoàn kết và trách nhiệm lẫn nhau

foster a sense of solidarity /ˌsɒləˈdærəti/ and mutual accountability

môi trường học thuật

academic setting

chỉ dựa vào

rely solely on

phân công lao động

division of labor

ex: Does the team really have a really clear division of labor?

hát hợp xướng

choir /kwaɪə/

hoạt động nghệ thuật

artistic endeavors

Thiết kế ưa sinh học (green architecture)

Biophilic Design

môi trường áp lực cao

high-stress environment

high-pressure environment

to make it difficult for someone to do something

hamper

be hampered by/with st

ex: The search for survivors was hampered by heavy rain.

cản trở năng suất kinh tế

hamper economic productivity

in agreement with other facts, or with typical or previous behaviour, or having the same principles as something else (nhất quán với, phù hợp với)

Consistent with

ex: These policies are entirely consistent with our overarching (bao quát) philosophy.

Kỷ niệm, tưởng niệm

Commemorate /kəˈmeməreɪt/

ex: a parade to commemorate the town’s bicentenary /baɪsenˈtiːnəri $ -ˈtenəri/ (200 năm)

200 năm

bicentenary /baɪsenˈtiːnəri $ -ˈtenəri/

someone who knows a lot about something such as art, food, or music

connoisseur /ˌkɒnəˈsɜː $ ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr/

a wine connoisseur

connoisseur of: Fry was a connoisseur of Renaissance art.

nhà nghiên cứu đồ cổ

antiquarian

nghề cá, ngành thủy sản

Fishery = the fishing industry

ex: the agriculture, forest (lâm nghiệp) and fishery sectors of the economy

nói lắp

stutter

I’m D-d-david, ’ he stuttered.

Khuynh hướng bẩm sinh, tố chất

Predisposition

Sự không thể cưỡng lại được

Irresistibility

ex: the irresistible aroma of fresh bread

find ... irresistible: It was no wonder that Gary found the atmosphere irresistible.

hoạt động thần kinh

Neural activity

very quickly, without delay

in a heartbeat

If he asked me to marry him, I'd accept in a heartbeat.

making you feel calm and relaxed

therapeutic

ex: I find swimming very therapeutic.

the method of growing plants in water to which specialchemicals are added, rather than growing them in earth

hydroponics (thuỷ cảnh)

All of the plants in this section are grown through various methods of hydroponics.

ăn mừng chiến thắng

toast one's victory

What's this? I thought we might toast my victory.

răng giả

denture (usually plural) /ˈden.tʃər/

ex: a set of dentures

phân huỷ

Decompose

Microorganisms help organic waste to decompose

vi sinh vật

Microorganisms

phân huỷ

putrefy (formal)

The carcass began to putrefy in the intense heat

the body of a dead animal

carcass

an event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon

imminent /ˈɪmɪnənt/

imminent danger/threat/death/disaster etc

ex: He was in imminent danger of dying.

do things that make people lose respect for for them

undermine one's authority

If you point out your boss's mistakes in front of other people, it undermines his or her authority.

relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions (dân tộc)

ethnic: The school teaches pupils from different ethnic groups.

ethnic background/origin: The students are from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.

the feeling of belonging to one race or national group

an ethnic identity

ex: These small tribal communities share a common ethnic identity.

to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof

assume = presume/prɪˈzjuːm/

I didn’t see your car, so I assumed you’d gone out.

it seems/is reasonable to assume (that): It seems reasonable to assume that the book was written around 70 AD.

moving or able to move from one job, area, or social class to another

mobile

a more mobile workforce

People these days are much more socially mobile (social mobility)

the scientific description of different races of people (nhân chủng học)

ethnography /eθˈnɒɡrəfi/

ethnographer

ethnographical: nhân chủng học

ethnographical observation: quan sát nhân chủng học

an ability to understand or know something immediately based on your feelings rather than facts (trực giác)

intuition (C2) = instinct

feminine intuition

Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.

attribute something to a particular cause: quy kết

chalk up

ex: They overestimate the amount of control they have over the future, forgetting about luck and chalking up success solely to skill.

willing to do dangerous things or go to dangerous places

intrepid = brave /ɪnˈtrepɪd/

ex: intrepid explorers

an eminent person is famous, important, and respected

eminent /ˈemɪnənt/

an eminent lawyer

full of something

replete with (formal)

the salient points or features of something are the most important or most noticeable parts of it

salient /ˈseɪliənt/ formal

ex: the salient points of the report

vi phạm dữ liệu

Data breaches

Rò rỉ dữ liệu quy mô lớn

Massive data leaks

Những tội phạm mạng tinh vi

Sophisticated cybercriminals

very shocking and immoral

Heinous/ˈheɪnəs/

= brutal/gruesome/vicious/Atrocious crime: Tội ác tàn bạo, ghê tởm

if two subjects, ideas etc overlap, they include some but not all of the same things: chồng chéo, giao thoa

Overlap

Maxwell’s responsibilities overlap yours, so you will be sharing some of the work

to stop someone from doing something, often by using physical force

restrain /rɪˈstreɪn/ AWL

restrain somebody from doing something

I had to restrain her from running out into the street

có linh cảm (rằng)

have a hunch (that) 
I had a hunch that something like this would happen.

con rết

centipede /ˈsentəpiːd/

(mõm đá) a large rock or group of rocks that sticks up out of the ground.

outcrop

Dấu vết, vết in hằn (A mark or shape made on a surface by something pressing into it)

impression

The fossil showed a clear impression of an ancient fern leaf.

if you do an impression of a famous person, you copy their speech or behaviour in order to make people laugh = imitation

impression = imitation

Jean does a great impression of Madonna.

mỉa mai, trớ trêu thay (in a way that is strange, amusing, or unexpected because it is the opposite of what is expected)

Ironically, the famous explorer lost his way in his own hometown.

Bác bỏ, dập tắt (To officially state that a decision is no longer valid, or to forcefully stop a rumor/belief)

quash
The professor presented new evidence to quash the long-held scientific rumor.

Tập hợp, quần thể (a collection or gathering of things or people)

assemblage /əˈsemblɪdʒ/ (formal)

The museum features a fascinating assemblage of artifacts from the Bronze Age.

Without any pauses, breaks, or disruptions; continuous (liên tục, không bị gián đoạn)

uninterrupted

The forest offers miles of uninterrupted views of nature at its finest.

An impressive display or a large and orderly group of a particular type of thing

array /əˈreɪ/

The shop offers a dazzling array of handmade ceramic products.

a bewildering array of options

Nhà cổ sinh vật học

paleontologist /ˌpæliɒnˈtɒlədʒist/

The paleontologist carefully brushed the dirt off the dinosaur skull.

chống cháy (unable to be damaged by fire)

fireproof

She keeps all her important papers in a fireproof safe.

dao rọc giấy

cutter

người khuyết tật

the disabled, people with disabilities

chống người thi hành công vụ

Resist/obstruct an officer/public official

vi phạm kỷ luật

a breach of discipline

It's unfair to dismiss somebody for a single breach of discipline

dây cương

rein
She led the horse by the rein