Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 9 and 10 Test

What are the structures of the muscular system?

muscles, nerves, connective tissue, tendons, blood, and blood vessels

What are the functions of the muscle system?

movement and body heat

What is a tendon?

rope of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

What is an apenerosis?

sheet of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or muscle to muscle

What is an epimysium?

membrane on outside of skeletal muscle

What is a fascicle?

bundle of muscle cells

What is a perimysium?

covering on fascicle

What is a muscle fiber?

single muscle cell

What is the order of the muscle from largest to smallest?

muscle→fascicles→muscle fibers→myofibril→filaments

There are multiple __________ in skeletal muscles.

nuclei

What takes up most of the space in skeletal muscles?

myofibril

Sarcolemma→__________

cell membrane

Sarcoplasm→__________

cytoplasm

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum→__________

endoplasmic reticulum

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum keep a high concentration of ____________.

calcium ions

What does active transport use?

energy

What are cisternae?

a lot of calcium ions; part of the endoplasmic reticulum

What are T Tubule's?

continuous with sarcolemma to allow signals (contractions)

What are triad's?

2 cisternae and 1 t tubule

What are the 4 types of filaments?

actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and troponin

What are actin?

thin filament; looks like 2 strands of beads twisted together; each one has a binding site

What are myosin?

thick filament; "testicles on a stick"

What are tropomyosin?

cover binding on actin

What are troponin?

holds tropmyosin in place

What is a sarcomere?

1 unit of contraction

Muscle is striated where muscle is __________.

overlapped

Muscle is not striated where muscle is not __________.

overlapped

What is a neuromuscular junction also called?

synapse

Neuromuscular junction is where the __________ and __________ meet.

nerve; muscle

What is an axon terminal?

end of an exon with vesicles and neurotransmitters

Where is the motor end plate found?

on the muscle

Relaxation requires __________.

energy

What are the steps for relaxation?

1. stop impulse

2. get rid of acetylcholine- acetylcholine storage

3. transport calcium back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

4. filaments go back

Relaxation is __________.

active transport

What are the steps for muscle contraction?

1. actin potential conducted down a motor neuron axon

2. motor neuron terminal releases acetylcholine

3. acetylcholine binds ot acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber

4. sarcolemma is stimulated, action potential is generated, impulse is conducted over surface of the muscle fiber and deep into the fiber through the t tubules

5. impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium channels open

6. calcium ions diffuse from sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol and bind to troponin

7. tropomyosin move and expose sites on active where myosin heads can bind

8. actin and myosin link, form cross-bridges

9. actin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by pulling of the cross bridges, increasing the overlap of the thin and thick filaments

10. muscle fiber shortens as contraction occurs

What is rigor mortis?

loss of ATP so you can't move after myosin pulls up

What does nerve gas paralysis cause?

loss of movement

What is the treatment for nerve gas paralysis?

acetylcholine inhibitor- want to keep acetylcholine around

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

decreased acetylcholine receptors

What is the number one symptom of myosinia?

muscle weakness

What is the treatment for myosinia?

acetylcholine inhibitor-want to keep acetylcholine

What are the four sources of ATP?

stored ATP in muscles (very little), creatine phosphate (regenerates ATP), glucose (glycogen), and oxygen (myoglobin)

How much ATP is stored in the muscles?

very little

What does creatine phosphate do?

regenerates ATP

What two sources of ATP make more ATP?

glucose (glycogen) and oxygen (myoglobin

What are the four things for Oxygen Debt?

1. lactic acid

2. myoglobin

3. creatine phosphate

4. ATP

What are the two type of muscle fibers?

type 1 and 2

What kind of fibers are type 1 muscle fibers?

slow twitch

What kind of fibers are type 2 muscle fibers?

fast twitch

Are type 1 (slow) fibers oxidative or glycolytic?

oxidative

Are type 2 (fast) fibers oxidative or glycolytic?

glycolytic

Are type 1 (slow) fibers red or white?

red

Are type 2 (fast) fibers red or white?

white

What is increased in type 1 (slow) fibers?

increased myoglobin=more oxygen

What is decreased in type 2 (fast) fibers?

decreased myoglobin

What kind of respiration is type 1 (slow) fibers?

aerobic respiration for energy

What kind of respiration is type 2 (fast) fibers?

anerobic

What muscle fibers are used for endurance?

type 1 (slow)

What muscle fibers are used for short bursts of speed/power?

type 2 (fast)

What is the training for type 1 (slow) fibers?

increased capillaries for training

What is the training for type 2 (fast) fibers?

increased glycolytic enzyme

What is threshold?

minimum stimulus required for muscle contraction

What is the latent period?

time between stimulus and actual contraction (muscle- 2 milliseconds)

What is the origin?

fixed end of a muscle

What is the insertion?

moveable end of a muscle

What is the agonist?

prime mover; primary muscle responsible for a movement

What is the antagonist?

opposes prime mover (agonist)

What is the synergist?

help prime mover (agonist)

What are the two types of contraction?

isotonic contraction and isometric contraction

What is isotonic contraction?

something moves (ex. sit ups)

What is isometric contraction?

nothing moves (ex. planking)

What are the two type of isotonic contraction?

concentric and ecentric

What is concentric isotonic contraction?

shortening (ex. flexing the bicep)

What is eccentric isotonic contraction?

lengthening (ex. unflexing the bicep)

What are the 4 parts to the systems of levers?

1. lever- rigid bar (bones)

2. force- muscles

3. pivot point- fulcrum (joints)

4. resistance- what you are trying to move

What does the 1st class lever represent?

scissors

What is an example of the first class lever?

triceps

What is the order of a first class lever?

force, fulcrum, resistance

What does the second class lever represent?

like a wheelbarrow

What is an example of a second class lever?

opening the mouth (TMJ)

What is the order for a second class lever?

force, resistance, fulcrum

What does the third class lever represent?

tweezers

What is an example of a third class lever?

bicep

What is the order of a third class lever?

fulcrum, force, and resistance

Minimum stimulus that causes contraction

threshold

Single neuron and the muscle fiber it stimulates

motor unit

Muscle contraction with a change in length

isotonic

Muscle contraction with no change in length

isometric

Immediate source of energy for contraction

ATP

Stored in muscle to regenerate ATP

creatine phosphate

Molecule that stores oxygen in muscle

myoglobin (stronger pull than hemoglobin)

Acid that accumulates with lack of oxygen

lactic

The muscle that has a primary goal in providing a movement is called the __________. Muscles that assist this muscle are called __________ and muscles that oppose the movement are called __________.

agonist; synergist; antagonist

The fixed, stable end of a muscle

origin

The connective tissue covering of a fascicle

perimysium

Cell membrane of a muscle cell

sarcolemma

Neurotransmitter that binds to skeletal muscle

acetylcholine

Thick filament of a myofibril

myosine filament

Molecule that accumulates in aerobic respiration and provides energy for contraction and relaxation

ATP

Which filament binds calcium during contraction?

troponin