Gross Motor Development Lecture 2

Gross Motor Development

Physical skills involving large muscle movements.

Milestones

Key developmental achievements at specific ages.

Neonate

Infant from birth to less than 1 month.

Physiological Flexion

Natural flexed posture seen in newborns.

Prone Position

Lying face down; important for head control.

Supine Position

Lying on back; head can rotate.

Sitting Position

Supported sitting with head bobbing.

Standing Position

Reflex standing and stepping observed.

1 Month Milestones

Head rotates, lifts momentarily in prone.

2-3 Month Milestones

Elbows aligned with shoulders in prone.

Astasia

Inability to stand; legs give way.

4-5 Month Milestones

Props on forearms; attempts rolling.

Bridging

Lifting hips while lying on back.

6-7 Month Milestones

Belly crawling; sits with high guard.

Creeping

Moving on hands and knees; belly off ground.

8-9 Month Milestones

Transitions from sitting to quadruped.

Protective Reactions

Responses to prevent falls while sitting.

Weight Bearing

Supporting body weight on legs.

Reciprocal Arm and Leg Movement

Coordinated movement pattern during crawling.

Sitting Without Arm Support

Independently maintaining sitting posture.

Pull to Stand

Using support to rise to standing position.

Developmental Variability

Differences in milestone achievement timing.

Sitting to Hands-and-Knees

Transitioning position while maintaining balance.

Sitting Manipulation

Playing with toys while seated.

Head in Midline

Positioning head centrally while sitting.

Kicking

Leg movement often seen in infants.

Rolling

Movement from prone to supine position.

Cognitive Development

Growth in thinking and understanding skills.

Social Development

Skills related to interaction with others.

Cruising

Walking while holding onto external support.

Independent Walking

Walking without assistance, typically by 12 months.

Quadruped

Position on hands and knees, foundational for crawling.

High Guard Arms

Arms raised while walking for balance support.

Sitting Positions

Includes side-sitting and unsupported ring sitting.

Controlled Lowering

Lowering from standing to sitting with control.

Stoops to Pick Up

Bending down to retrieve objects while standing.

Galloping

A forward movement pattern, leading with one foot.

Jumping Distance

Increases significantly during early childhood.

Skipping

A locomotion pattern developed around age 6.

Backward Creeping

Moving backwards down stairs, typically 15-23 months.

Running Speed

Increases during adolescence, peaking around 16 years.

Standing Long Jump

Jumping distance increases for males at 14 years.

Jumping Rope

Developed skillfully by age 8.

Riding a Tricycle

Begins around 2.5 years of age.

Kicking a Ball

Develops around 2 years of age.

Hitching/Scooting

Movement pattern used before walking independently.

Climbing Stairs

Using hands and knees, typically 8-14 months.

Walking Downstairs

Holding on for support, typically 17-18 months.

Jumps from Height

Begins around age 2, with forward lean.

Standing on One Foot

Balance skill developed by 31-32 months.

Catching a Ball

Skill develops with preparation, around 4-5 years.

Running with Arms

Arms move back and forth for propulsion.

Throwing Skills

Improves significantly by age 10.

Adolescence

Developmental stage from ages 13-21.

Fundamental Motor Abilities

Refined and skilled during school age years.

Activity Level at Age 3

Highest activity level in lifespan according to research.