Carbohydrates and Lipids

These flashcards cover key concepts related to carbohydrates and lipids, focusing on their structure, function, and importance in biological systems.

What is the structural difference between alpha (α) and beta (β) D-Glucose?

The -OH functional group on carbon 1 of α-glucose is positioned below the plane of the ring, while in β-glucose it is above the plane.

What type of bond is formed between monosaccharides in disaccharides?

A glycosidic bond, formed via a condensation reaction.

What are the main types of polysaccharides?

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms and are typically solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds and are usually liquid.

What is the role of glycoproteins in cell-cell recognition?

Glycoproteins act as identifiers on cell surfaces that help distinguish between self and non-self cells, crucial in immune response and blood typing.

What are triglycerides and their primary function?

Triglycerides are lipids composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids, primarily serving as energy storage and insulation.

What determines the melting point of fatty acids?

The presence and number of double bonds; more double bonds lead to kinks in the fatty acid chain, lowering the melting point.

How do carbohydrates and lipids compare in energy storage?

Lipids store more energy per gram than carbohydrates, making them more suitable for long-term energy storage.

What are the hydrophobic properties of lipids?

Lipids are insoluble in water and dissolve in non-polar solvents, which is due to their long hydrocarbon chains.

What is a key structural component of phospholipid bilayers?

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers in cell membranes.

What aspect of cellulose contributes to its function as a structural polysaccharide?

The alternating orientation of beta-glucose monomers allows for straight chains that can form strong microfibrils.