Psych exam 3

Superego

‘you can’t have it"‘, it is the counterbalance to the Id and is based on societies moral values and ideals

Self stigma

occurs when a person accepts and agrees with the negative stereotypes and prejudicial beliefs held against themselves.

social stigma

Social stigma is the disapproval of, or discrimination against, an individual or group based on perceived characteristics that serve to distinguish them from other members of a society

Behaviourism limitations

• It’s not enough for complex mental health conditions

  • When treating certain disorder e.g. severe depression behavioural therapy often must be used in conjunction with other medical and therapeutic treatments

  • It can help manage certain aspects of these conditions but shouldn’t be used alone.

• It may not account for underlying problems

  • Focus on current problems with functioning and may not address underly factors that contribute to a mental health problem

• It may not address the whole picture

  • Centred on the individual working to change their behaviours.

  • Does not address how situations and interpersonal relationships might be contributing to a person’s problems.

Behaviourism strengths

• Effective therapeutic techniques are rooted in behaviourism

• Useful in changing maladaptive behaviours in both children and adults

• Widely used in treating a wide array of conditions mainly anxiety and addiction

• Improved communication

• Coping strategies

• Healthier thought patterns

• Self-esteem

• Efficacy depends on treatment and condition

• Treatment in substance disorders depends on substance being misused

Cognitive behaviourism limitations

Unscientific because we can’t observe the forces under discussion

Other perspectives find the computer model to be cold and mechanical, however cognitive theorists state the mind engages in active processing unlike a computer, and humans possess creativity and individuality

Cognitive behaviourism strengths

• Goes beyond behaviourism

• teach’s knew thought patterns

• is most widely used

An example of superego

A child who wants to take a toy from another child, but doesnt because sharing is important and the child knows it would be wrong.

Protective factors

are characteristics associated with a lower likelihood of negative outcomes or that reduce a risk factor's impact

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

1. physiological

2. safety needs

3. love needs

4. esteem needs

5. Self-actualisation

CBT

helps individuals learn coping skills to change their thinking patterns, manage emotions, and improve their behavior.

Stress

A state of physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stressors that are perceived by the individual as challenging or exceeding their ability or resources to cope.

Stressor

the stimulus that cause or produces stress internal or external

example of stressor

exams

distress

negative psychological response to a stressor eg anger, anxiety, tension

is short term or long term

Eustress

positive psychological response to a stressor eg enthusiastic, motivated

it provides energy and motivation

Stigma

refers to the negative attitudes and discrimination that people face based on certain characteristics that make them different from others in society

Anxiety disorders

When anxiety takes control and dominates a person’s life

Example of anxiety disorders

• Generalised Anxiety Disorder

• Phobia

• PTSD

• Panic disorder

• OCD

Id

‘I want it’ Unconscious urges and desires that need immediate gratification to relieve tension from this state

an example of Id

Sally is thirsty rather than waiting for someone to refill her glass she drinks from Johns glass.

Mood disorders

A disturbance in the person’s emotions

Example of mood disorders

• Major depressive Disorder

• Bipolar disorder

• Dysthymic disorder

Ego

‘lets talk it over’ mainly conscious thought that will postpone action designed to release tension until an appropriate solution is found. Results the conflict between the Id and the Superego.

PTSD

An anxiety disorder triggered by a traumatic event. common symptoms include flashbacks, avoidance, negative thoughts and hyperarousal.

Bipolar disorder

a mood disorder and is characterised by extreme mood swings often resembling emotional highs known as mania and emotional lows or depression.

Risk factors

characteristics at the biological, psychological, family, community, or cultural level that precede and are associated with a higher likelihood of negative outcomes.

Systematic desensitisation

A reduction in fear, anxiety, or aversion brought about by planned exposure to aversive stimuli

4p model

A structured method used to describe assess and observe a patient’s narrative. It helps clinicians understand the progression and development of mental health disorders.

psychosexual stages

1. Oral

2. Anal

3. Phallic

4. Latency

5. Genital

What is the oral stage?

(0-1) It involves the mouth and the issues caused are smoking, gum chewing, and nail biting. Activities are tasting and suckling.

What is the anal stage?

(2-3) Involves Bowel and bladder can cause obsessiveness. Activities are toilet training.

What is the phallic stage?

(3-6) Involves genitals can cause pride, vanity, and exhibitionism. The complex is the Oedipus and Electra Complex ie wanting to sleep with someone like your respective parent. Activity is the excessive attachment to the parent of the opposite sex.

What is the latency stage?

(6-puberty) sexul feelings are inactive, the complex is penis envy. Most of the time is spent interacting with peers of the same sex.

What is the genital stage?

(puberty and beyond) Mature sexual interests, sexual attractions begin.

Free association

A therapy technique involving saying what comes to mind without caring.

Free association purpose

to lower the defences so that unconscious material can emerge.

transference

Transferring feelings of one onto another

resistance

Is interpreted as as revealing something important in unconscious thoughts.

Free-will

The ability to freely make choices that are controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces. A person is responsible for their own choices.

e.g. commit crime or not

self-efficacy

Your belief in your ability to complete a task or achieve a goal.

self-actualisation

The process of becoming ‘everything you are capable of becoming’.

client-centred therapy

A non directive therapy, it emphasises accepting one’s true self. To achieve this the therapist creates a safe ‘atmosphere of growth’.

4 basic principles of therapy

1. Unconditional positive regard

2. Empathy

3. Authentic

4. Reflects

Humanistic

an approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals

Behavioural

Assumes that people have learned to be the way they are - if they have learnt maladaptive behaviours, then they can change them by relearning more appropriate behaviours

Conditioning

Either a given stimulus becomes increasingly effective in evoking a response or a response occurs with increasing regularity in a well-specified and stable environment.

counterconditioning

unwanted responses are inhibited by activating an antagonistic response system

aversion therapy

Uses counterconditioning to treat unwanted habits or harmful behaviours.

An example of aversion therapy

Alcoholism patients are given an aversive drug, which causes vomiting-emetic drug. They start experiencing nausea; at this point, they are given a drink smelling strongly of alcohol, and they start vomiting almost immediately. The treatment is repeated with a higher dose of the drug.

maladaptive thinking

a belief that is false and rationally unsupported

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy

Helps recognise irrational beliefs an negative thinking patterns in order to overcome psychological problems and mental disorders

ABC’s

• Activating event

• Belief

• Consequence

cognitive distortions

internal mental filters or biases that increase our misery, fuel our anxiety, and make us feel bad about ourselves.

4 criteria for abnormal behaviour

1. Maladaptive

2. Unjustifiable

3. disturbing

4. Atypical

strengths of classifying abnormal behaviour

• Distinguish diseases

• Offer best treatment

• Common language among healthcare professionals

• Explore causes

Limitations of classifying abnormal behaviour

• Risk of misdiagnosis

• Stigma

• over diagnosis

outline the biopsychosocial model of health

A comprehensive approach to understanding health and well-being by considering three interconnected aspects of a patient’s biology, psychology, and sociology.

DSM-5

published by the APA, it serves as the handbook for clinicians and psychiatrists to diagnose psychiatric disorders

Dream analysis

Dreams reflect our working thoughts, emotions and fantasies. Freud believed dreams serve as wish fulfilment and originate from the id.

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy

Based on the principle that psychological problems are caused by irrational beliefs of the outside world. It helps recognise and alter those beliefs and negative thinking patterns in order to overcome problems.

Cognitive behaviourism

The assumption that our actions are a result of our thoughts

Unjustifiable

Behaviour that occurs without a rational basis

Disturbing

Behaviour that is troublesomes to other people

Atypical

Behaviour that is so different it violates the norm. there are two parts; unlike others behaviour and it violates a rule for accepted and expected behaviour in a particular culture

Example of Maslow’s hierarchy

If a person goes without food, they are motivated by hunger. Once that hunger is satisfied, the motivation for food decreases.