PSYC 2000 LSU Final

weak superego

A weak superego means the person has less internal control over their behavior, often resulting in:

• Difficulty feeling guilt or remorse

• Impulsive or antisocial actions

• Poor understanding of right and wrong

The Oedipus complex

boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother’s affections

Displacement

taking out frustration on less threatening objects

personality

A person’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are consistent over time and across situations.

inferiority complex

everyone feels inferior in some way

who founded the school of individual psychology

Alfred Adler

the school of individual psychology focuses on

our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority

Freud described the unconscious as the part of the mind where unacceptable thoughts and memories are pushed.

unconscious

Psychoticism

difficulty dealing w/reality; antisocial, hostile, manipulative

The Eysencks believed personality traits like extraversion and emotionality are

biologically based

The MMPI is an example of a(n) __________ derived test.

empirically

The Big Five Factors – Costa and McCrae – high or low on factors (OCEAN)

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Cultural-comparative approach

test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine if they can be generalized

Indigenous approach

development of personality assessment instruments based on constructs relevant to culture being studied

Combined approach

uses both cultural-comparative and indigenous approach

Projective tests

tests that use unclear or vague pictures to help reveal a person's hidden thoughts and feelings.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

meaningless ink blots

TEMA Multicultural Apperception Test

uses images and storytelling cues that relate to minority culture

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

a dispositional attribution

Dispositionism, AKA internal attribution

they behaved that way because of the people they are

Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates

a situational attribution

Situationism, AKA external attribution

they behaved that way because of the situation they were in (benefit of the doubt)

Central route persuasion is most likely when people

are personally affected by a topic

Central route

listeners respond to message and validity of its claims

Peripheral route

listeners respond to peripheral persuasion cues (such as speaker’s appearance, confidence, etc.) rather than to central content

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued

When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of

normative social influence

Normative social influence

going along with a group to fit in

Informational social influence

people change behavior in order to be correct

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates

social facilitation

social facilitation

the tendency to perform better on tasks in the presence of others.

In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought

no others were pulling with them

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for

harmony

In his study of obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of participants

complied with all the demands of the experiment

Results of the Milgram Experiment

65% delivered the max shocks

40 People in study – 26 delivered max shock while 14 stopped before reaching highest levels

Groupthink

emphasis on group unanimity at expense of critical thinking

Group Polarization

group discussion strengthens dominant position held by individual group members

Social Loafing

tendency of people to put forth less effort when they are part of a group

Deindividuation

anonymity/lack of accountability in groups

Deindividuation includes

Anonymity and Diffused responsibility

Diffused responsibility

I’m not the only one behaving this way!

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

stereotypes about other groups makes us act in ways that bring them about

Confirmation Bias

paying attention to info that supports beliefs; ignoring info the doesn’t

In-group

us

Out-group

them

In-group bias

tendency to favor people inside our group over people outside our group

Scapegoating

blaming out-group for frustrations/failures

Hostile aggression 

anger; intent to cause pain

Instrumental aggression

achieving a goal but not necessarily intending to cause pain

Types of Prosocial Behavior

Altruism and Empathy

Prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior intended to help others

Altruism

desire to help others, even at cost of self

Empathy

ability to step into someone else’s shoes, emotionally

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

Intimacy, Passion, Commitment

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is

preventing her from functioning effectively

Mrs. Swift is alarmed by her own intrusive and irrational thoughts that her house is contaminated by germs. Her experience best illustrates the agitating effects of

an obsession

Psychopathology

study of psychological disorders

Atypical

whatever most people do is normal; if only a few do it then it’s abnormal

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of

post-traumatic stress disorder

Harmful Dysfunction

Keeps person from living life the way they wish

Comorbidity

having more

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

mania

Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may be partly due to the fact that when stressful experiences occur

women tend to think, while men tend to act

schizophrenia

a serious mental disorder where a person may have trouble knowing what’s real, often seeing or hearing things that aren’t there and thinking in confusing or strange ways.

Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

social withdrawal

Michael complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him that he is so evil he should drown himself. Michael is experiencing

hallucinations

Although Mrs. Petrides usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, she sometimes repetitiously shakes her head or waves her arms. She most likely suffers from

catatonia

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

antisocial personality disorder

Dissociative amnesia

Someone forgets personal info or events because of stress or trauma—not because of a head injury.

Dissociative Fugue

A person forgets who they are and might randomly move away and start a new life without realizing it.

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

You feel like you’re watching yourself from outside your body or that the world around you doesn’t feel real—but you know it is.

Cluster A includes

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

Cluster B includes

the borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders.

Cluster C includes

dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and avoidant personality disorders.

Cultural competence is a therapist’s understanding of, and attention to, ________

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

During the therapist’s first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client’s immediate needs.

intake

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla’s therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Focuses on how thoughts lead to distress. How you think determines how you feel/act

Hallucinations, delusions, and erratic behavior are often treated with _________ medications.

antipsychotic

Antidepressant medications typically affect levels of

serotonin

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, “everyone makes mistakes sometimes,” he thinks, “I am so stupid.” What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

all-or-nothing thinking

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.

biomedical

Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy?

It can decrease a client’s shame and isolation about a problem.

Nondirective therapy

therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations; helps to identify conflicts/understand feelings

Active listening

therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what client expresses

Unconditional positive regard

not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are

Overgeneralization

someone takes a small situation and makes it huge

All or nothing thinking

common for people with depression; reflects extremes

ABC model –

Action, Belief, Consequences

Cognitive-beh-therapy

help clients examine how their thoughts affect behavior

Make people aware of their irrational/negative thoughts and replace them with new, more positive ways of thinking

Individual Therapy – AKA individual psychotherapy or individual counseling

client and clinician meet one-on-one (45 mins-1 hour)

Confidentiality

– therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any 3^rd party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so

systematic desensitization

a way to help people get over fears by slowly facing what they’re scared of while learning to stay calm.

Couples Therapy

2 people in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties

Therapist helps them see how individual backgrounds, beliefs, actions are affecting their relationship

Family Therapy, Systems approach

It looks at how the whole family works together, not just what's “wrong” with one person.

Structural Family Therapy

It helps families by changing unhealthy roles or relationship patterns, like if parents and kids have mixed-up boundaries.