PARASITOLOGY LABORATORY MIDTERMS

Holoptic Eyes

Eyes that are closer together, almost touching at the top of their heads

Asclepius

Greek God of medicine and healing; son of Apollo

Dichoptic Eye

Eye arrangement where the eyes do not meet in the middle of the head

Pterygota

With wings

Apterygota

Without wings

Human Flea

Pulex irritans

Louse fly

Pseudolynchia canariensis

Halteres / Balancers

The small wings which is a highly sophisticated balance organs and they oscillate during flight

Spiracles

Breathing organ for most insects

Hermes/Mercury

herald of the Gods and protector of travelers and merchant

Rod of Asclepius

Symbol of medicine

Staff of Caduceus

Symbol of commerce

Ectoparasite or External Parasite

Parasites occurring on the surface of the body (Infestation)

Endoparasites or Internal Parasites

Parasites occurring inside of the body of the host (Infection)

Pseudoparasites

Objects which are often mistaken for true parasite eggs and larvae because it resembles them

Facultative Parasites

Parasites that could exist both as free-living or parasitic Fixed parasite – parasites that cannot pass spontaneously from one host to the other e.g. helminths

Erratic Parasite

Those that occur in organs away from their normal location Monoxenous parasite - those that require only one host to complete their life cycl

Heteroxeneous Parasite

Those that require 2 or more hosts to complete their life cycle

Zooparasite

Parasite that is highly specific for animals e.g. Oxyuris equi

Anthropoparasite

Highly specific parasite for man e.g. E. vermicularis

Anthropozooparasite

Equally specific for man and animals e.g. T. spiralis

Definitive or Final Host

Animal in which the adult, reproducing stage of the parasite occurs

Primary or Prime Host

The animal in which the parasite is commonly found

Secondary or Intermediate Host

The animal in which the immature stage of the parasite occurs

Reservoir Host

The animal which harbors the parasite but does not manifest clinical signs and may serve as reservoir for parasite infection of other animals

Paratenic Host

The animal which needs to be eaten by the definitive host in order to pass down the development stage of the parasite

Aberrant host or Accidental Host

Animals which do not normally serves as the parasite host

Transport Host

Animal which serves as the intermediary link the parasite development

Dioecious

Male and Female sex organs are in separate individual

Monoecious (Hermaphrodite

Male and Female sex organs are in the same individual

Prepatent Period

The period from the time of infection up to the time the adult or eggs are demonstrated or observed

Patent Period

The period from the time adult or eggs are demonstrated or observed up to the time that they are no longer present in the host

Bionomics

The study of external requirement such at temperature, humidity, nutrition, and pH for the survival of the organism

Biotic Potential

Capacity of the organism for biological success and is usually associated with reproduction

Indirect life cycle

Presence of intermediate host

Direct life cycle

Without intermediate host

Hypobiosis

Quiescence stage or dormancy

Mechanical / Non-cyclical Transmission –

When no change in form or development occur in the arthropod body e.g T. evansi; amoeba; helminth ova

Biological transmission / Cyclical Transmission

There is change in form or development of the parasite or organism in the body of the arthropod

Cyclopropagative Transmission

The organism undergoes cyclical changes or change in form as well as in number (multiplication) in the body of the arthropod e.g Plasmodia in mosquito

Cyclodevelopmental Transmission

The organism undergoes cyclic development changing in form and size but no change in number, no multiplication in the body of the arthropod e.g. Dirofilaria immitis in the mosquito

Propagative Transmission

The organism undergoes multiplication in the arthropod but there is no cyclical development or change in form and size e.g. Pasteurella pestis in the gut of the rat flea (Bubonic plague)

Transovarian Transmission or Hereditary Transmission

Transmission of infection is through the next generation of ticks. After the mature female tick ingests the parasite, the parasite invades the developing tick egg and when the young tick emerges, it carries with it the infective organism, then the mother dies after laying eggs e.g. Babesia in tick

Transtadial

Organism is transmitted by the next developmental stage of ticks e.g. Theileria in tick

Phoresy

Transport of small parasite by bigger parasite. Eggs of some flies are attached to abdomen of another fly and hatched then deposited or transferred in another host e.g. Dermatobia hominis egg in the abdomen of mosquito

Foveal Gland

Specialized glands found in certain arthropods such as mites & ticks; secretes substances such as pheromones to attract mates in ticks

Gene Pore

Organ which stores the sperm cell in females; allows a single act of mating to render the female fertile for life

Holometabolous

Immature stages of life cycle are entirely different from the adult

Hemimetabolous

Immature stages are similar to the appearance of adults

Hymenoptera

Stinging insects (E.g. Bees and Wasp)

Coleoptera

Includes beetles and weevils

Elytra

Hardened wings

Hemiptera

True flies (Stink bugs)

Odonata

Order of predatory flying insects that includes dragonfly or damselfly

Pterostigma

A group of specialized cells in the outer wings of insects, which are often thickened or colored.

Tegmina

A thickened forewing of some insects, it is also seen on the wings of the cockroaches

Ecdysis

Molting; The process of casting off the outer cuticle

Instar

The period between 2 stadia

Stadium\Stadia

The time interval between molts

Buboes

Swollen lymph nodes which is one of the recognizable symptoms of bubonic plague

Anautogenous

Female insects require a specific type of meal to mature their egs (e.g. mosquito and blood)

Cimex

Another term for bedbugs

Adeagus

Another term for penis

Genital Orifice

Exterior opening of the genital

Microtrichiae

Are fine cuticular foldings gives iridescent color pattern to insects which is important in sexual recognition and camouflage

Yellow, Orange and Red

Due to the deposition of carotenoid pigments

Brown

Due to melanin pigment

Green and Purple

From microtrichiae which selectively scatter or reflect light of specific wavelength

Antenna

Commonly known as feeler

Stemmata

In larvae of holometabolous, it is a single-lensed positioned bilaterally on the larval head.

Ocelli

In larvae and adult of hemimetabolous

Retinular Cells

Contains black or brown photosensitive protein molecules (Rhodopsin)

Pulvilli

2 pad-like structures between the claws

Empodium

Central bristle or pad surrounding the pulvilli

Membranous

Wings that can be seen in the dragonfly

Scaly

Wings that can be seen in butterfly

Vein

Rod-like structure found in the wings

Comstock-Needham System

Naming system of insects using veins

Discal Cells

Is a cell within the wing of some insects. It is known as “Hatchet Cell” in Tsetse Fly

Ovipositor

A tubular structure that is used for laying eggs.

Cerci

A sensory organs at the terminal portion of the abdomen which also serve as pinching weapon or as organ of copulation

Supraesophageal Center

The nervous system of insects is composed of the dorsal brain in the head.

Ganglionated Ventral Nerve Cord

Series of ventral cord/ganglia

Foregut or Stomodeum

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop and gizzard/ proventriculus; armed with teeth for crushing and grinding of food

Hindgut or Proctodeum

Colon, rectum, anus, malphigian tubules; absorption of water

Midgut or Mesenteron

Mid intestine connects the stomodeum to the proctodeum; principal site of digestion and absorption; secrete digestive enzymes

Circulatory System

Large dorsal tube (heart) and valves; blood consists of watery fluid (serum or plasma) and white corpuscles which are colorless or greenish yellow

Lung Book

Found in spiders and scorpions

Gill Book

Found in crabs and other crustaceans

Peritreme

A rounded plate that surrounds the spiracle of some insects

Tracheoles

Primary site of gas exchange

Spermatosphere

Packets of sperm which protects it during insemination

Male Reproductive System

Testes

Vas Deferens

Accessory Organ

Seminal Vesicle

Ejaculatory Duct

Penis or Adeagus

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries

Oviduct

Vagina

Ovipositor

Spermatheca

Paired Nephridia

Excretory System of Crustaceans

Malphigian Tubules

Excretory System of Insects and Mites

Coxal Gland

Excretory System of Arachnids

Oviparous

Lay undeveloped eggs e.g Housefly and Stable Fly

Ovoviviparous

Lays larvated eggs

Viviparous/ Larviparous

Lays fully-developed larva e.g. Flesh Flies, Tsetse Fly, Oestrus ovis