Week 1 and Week 2

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

Macronutrients

• Carbohydrates

• Fats & Oils

• Proteins

Micronutrients

• Vitamins

• Minerals

Water

Definite Macronutrients

Nutrients required by the body in large amounts (grams)

What is the Calorie per gram of each macros?

• Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/gram

• Fats and Oils 9 kcal/gram

• Proteins 4 kcal/gram

What are Micronutrients

• Nutrients required by the body in small amounts (microgram or milligram)

What are the micros?

• Vitamins

• Minerals

Do not provide energy

What is the the 6th class of nutrient?

Water

What are categories of carb foods?

• Vegetables

• fruits

• Grains

• Sugar

What are categories of proteins?

• Lean meats

• Low fat dairy

• Seafood

What are categories of fats?

• Butter

• Cream Cheese

• Oil

• Mayo

Examples of Carb Vegetables

• Broccoli

• Cauliflower

• Zucchini

• Carrots

• Peppers

• Onions

• Spinach Kale

• Lettuce

• Cucumber

• Tomatoes

Examples of Carb Fruits

• Apples

• Bananas

• Berries

• Berries

• Pears

• Pineapple

• Melon

• Grapes

• Oranges

• Mango

Examples of Sugar Carbs

• Brown sugar

• White sugar

• Honey

• Juice

Examples of Lean Meats Protein

• Chicken

• Turkey

• Egg whites

Examples of Low Fat Dairy Protein

• Cottage cheese

• Whey protein

Examples of Sea Food Proteins

• Cod Fish

• Shrimp

• Scallops

Example of Food containing all three Carbs, Protein, Fat

• Yogurt

• Full Fat Milk

Example of Protein with Fat

• Egg yolks

• Tuna

• Salmon

• Bacon

• Sausage

• Beef

• Pork

• Hot Dogs

Reductionist Theory

Association between common diseases and nutrient deficiency

S.A.D Diet

• Low in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seafood and quality oils

• High in processed foods, sugar, processed grains and poor quality fats

Role of Nurses Patient Care w/ Nutrition

• Assessment data via intake & physical exam

• Monitor weight, intake and tolerance to food

• Liaison between the physician and registered dietitian

• Liaison between the patient and family

• Nurses reinforce nutritional counseling, provide basic nutrient education and promote healthy eating patterns & physical activity

• Nurses screen for malnutrition risk and monitor TF tolerance

What is a Health Claim? Example?

A statement that describes a relationship between a food/dietary supplement ingredient and a reduced risk of disease or a disease related condition

• “Can help lower cholesterol”

• “Can help reduce risk of heart disease”

What is gold Standard of Nutrition Research?

Randomized Controlled Trials

• Random group of people

  • Control Group Vs Experiment Group

Gold Standard because eliminates variables like participants may have been fasting, may have been exercising 3-4 times a week, etc.

• Can prove the food/nutrient specifically improved health

What is a Single Nutrient Study? Cons?

• Isolates a single nutrient (Macro/Micro)

• Common study, reductionist focus

• Can miss the bigger picture of a diet

• Paid study by industries because they can add a single nutrient to a likely unhealthy food and slap a label that it’s healthy

What is an Observation Study? Problems?

• Interviews/tracking of people’s diet

• No intervention; does not give participants diets, foods, supplements

• Can only link or correlate between food and disease, but not prove

• Most common, highly flawed and limited focus

Questions to ask about evaluating nutrition information

• Who reporting & why?

• Who conducted research and who paid?

• What is it based on?

• When?

• Claim?

If the suffix ends -ose, what type of nutrient is it?

Carb, specifically sugar

• Glucose, fructose (fruit sugar) (Simple sugars)

• Lactose, Sucrose (table sugar), Maltose (Double sugars)

• Celluose (plant wall) (Complex sugar)

Dairy contains what macronutrients?

• Protein

• Fats

• Carbs* (lactose free or not)

• Vitamins (Ex. B12, B2, A)

• Minerals (Calcium, Mg, K)

Nuts and Seeds contain what type of nutrients

Mostly fat with little bit of protein

• Phytonutrients

What nutrients contain in Animal foods, what are healthy vs unhealthy meats example and why?

Healthy (lean meat, unprocessed, nutrient rich)

• Lean red meat

• Chicken

• Fish/Seafood

Unhealthy (processed, high saturated fat, high sodium

• Hot dogs

• Sauages

• Bacon

Processed foods tend to have _______ nutritional value

lower

What does empty calories mean?

Eating calories, but not getting enough nutrition

• No vitamins

• Lack of proteins

• Lack of minerals

• etc

What does carcinogenic mean? What type of food is it usually food?

• Carcinogenic are additives to food that may be harmful and chemicals that can disrupt health

• Highly processed foods

• Reasons, Dye & Taste, Preservatives, High Health

Why people buy processed foods

• Low cost

• Easy access

What is a DRI? (Dietary Reference Intakes)

• Standard for how much intake of nutrients a person should take

• Standard depends on age, gender, and their overall health (healthy adult or one with chronic/disease)

What are the 4 sets of DRIs?

• EAR

• RDA

• AI

• UL

What is an RDA? (Recommended Dietary Allowances)

General standard we need to take in to meet our needs. General standard. Depends person to person.

Average daily recommended intake to meet nutrient requirements of 97-98% of healthy people by gender and life stager

What is EAR? (Estimated Average Requirement)

• Where 50% of people will meet their needs to prevent disease

• Interest: Large groups

  • Schools

What is AI? (Adequate Intake)

• Daily intake to meet all people regardless of life age/gender

• Based interviews of intake

• Set when RDA can’t be determined, lack of data

What is UL? (Upper intake level)

• High level of intake without the risk of adverse effects (overdosing)

What is Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range?

Percentage range of calories from each macro that should be eaten daily

What is Estimated Energy Requirements?

Total amount of calories to consume daily maintain weight balance and health

What is Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Carbohydrates?

45 - 65%

What is Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Protein?

10 - 35%

What is Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Fats?

20 - 35%

What does Real Food guidelines emphasize?

• More protein less carbs

• Prioritize vegetables, meats, some fruit and bread on the side

1 tsp of sugar is how many grams? How many tsp in 1 cup?

4 grams

1 tsp = 4 grams

1 cup = 3 tsp = 12 grams

What is a Healthy Eating Pattern?

Enough essential nutrients to avoid deficiencies but not excessive amounts

• Excessive: risk of nutrient toxicities or chronic diseases

Example diets of healthy eating patterns

• Mediterranean Diet

• Dash Diet

• Paleo diet

Define a nutrient content claim? Examples? (image)

What is in the food. Not making claims

Characterize the level of nutrient in a food

Why can nutrient content claims be misleading?

Highlights only one or a few aspect of food product, but not overall as whole isn’t healthy

Define Health Claims. Examples? (Image)

Advertises relationship between a food and reduced risk of a disease or a health condition

• Needs FDA approval based on supported research

• Ex: Can help lower cholesterol ; Hearth Healthy

What is a Structure and Function Claim? Examples? (Image)

Advertises the role of a nutrient on the function of the body or its structure

Suggest the ‘possibility’ that a food may improve body function

NOT FDA regulated. Out of control, scamming people