Anat lecture exam 1 (midterm)

What is an occupation

Meaningful, purposeful, ADLs, IADL’s, rest & sleep, education, work, play, social participation,

Occupational performance

Completion of a meaningful activity by a person, group, or population

Performance skills

Goal directed actions, motor, cognitive and social skills, help support occupational performance 

motor skills

reaching, stablizing, manipulation & walking

Process skills

congitive, emotional, psychosocial

Social skills

speaking

Functional anat

underlying structures of the body that help movements involved in function

functional moblity

moving from one position/place to another

Kinesiology

study of human movement

Caudal

beneath or toward body

ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

Opp side of body

Sagittal plane

separates right and left

flexion & extension movements

coronal plane/ frontal plane

separates front and back, abduction and adduction

transverse plane

separates top and bottom, rotatory movements

closed chain activities

functional movement occurs at the proximal joint, stablity

open chain activity

functional movement occurs at the distal joint, promotes mobility

what is a force always on body

gravity

Joint reaction force

force generated within the joint in response to external forces acting upon it

static

nonmoving forces

kinetic

forces on object causing and object to move

tensile force

pulling motion, tendon on bone

compressive force

pushing, spine & LE

linear force

2 or more forces acting on a line

Parallel force

2 or more in the same plane

internal torque

rotation force such as bicep brachii force acting on radius bone

external torque

rotation force such as weight of ball, forearm & hand

longer levers do what to the magnitude of force

increase

first class lever

see saw

Resistance and effort on opposite ends, and balanced between axis

If one side is heavier than the other, the moment arm would need to be shortened to maintain balance

second class lever

wheelbarrow, resistance in center between applied force & the fulcrum, small force can move large weight

third class lever

applied force in center, between the resistance & fulcrum

requires a grater force to move a smaller resistance but maximizes speed & traveled

most common in body

greater mechanical advantage

effort arm (muscle) is greater than load (weight)

external movement arm

free weight

force couple

2 forces act in equal but opp direction

mechanical pull

line of pull

stress

Amount of applied force per area

strain 

amount of material displacement under specific amount of stress

Elasticity

the ability to stretch & return to the original shape

Elastic deformation

ability to return to normal shape after strain

Yield point 

Maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure

plastic deformation

sprain, joint instability

bone

made of cartilage and calcium

cortical bone

greater mineral content than collegen, shaft of long bones, rigid support

cancellous (spongy) bone

higher collagen content, marrow cavity @ end of long bones

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

covers ends of long bones, dense connective tissue, to absorb between bones, multi layers

tendons

connect muscles to bones, transfer force

ligaments

connect bone to bone, joint stability

joint capsule

dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint, passive stability, contains synovial fluid 

Aponeurosis

Fibrous insertion that connects adjacent muscles

skeletal muscle

moves bones of skeleton, provides force for functional movements

Myofibrils

Long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins

Formed by parallel sarcomeres

Sarcomeres

contractile units of muscle

when is a muscle strongest

midrange position

motor unit

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

Commands are all-or-none

Strength of muscle = # motor units contracting, not on strength of signal

Hypertonia

Muscle with increased tone

Slow twitch fibers

Type 1 fibers

Low force over a long period of time

More resistant to fatigue

Good for core control (sitting at desk)

fast twitch fibers

Type II Fibers

Powerful contractions

Typing on your computer

soft tissue limitations

Muscle Bulk or Adipose tissue

Soft End Feel

Elbow or knee flexion

firm end feel

Elastic, springy feel

common in body

joint capsule

Ligaments, Muscular tightness

Hip flexion with knee straight, Extension of MCP joint of finger, forearm supination

Hard end feel

bone limitations

elbow extension

Empty end feel

client does not allow full ROM

Agonist

contacts for specific movement

maintain body limb pos

Antagonist

opposes action of another muscle

fixator

serves as a stablizer of body part while another is moving

synergist

Assists a muscle and help stabilize muscle’s origin

Produce similar motion with agonist

isometric contraction

contraction with NO change in length

isotonic contraction

Contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion

Eccentric

lengthing, works with gravity

Concentric

shortening, works against force of gravity

Osteokinmatic motion

žMovements that occur between bones at the joint surface

žMuscles moving bones

žNormal or abnormal movement

Close pack postion

maximals contact between articular surfaces

maximal tension on surrounding ligaments

Open pack postion

lease surface contact

increased moblity

Ball and socket joint

surface fits into concave depression, most mobile, rotates around 3 axes

Ellipsoid (Condyloid) joint

Oval-shaped convex end articulates with elliptical concave basin of another

Motion around two axes

Hinge joint

motion around signal axis

only flexion and extension

colateral ligaments limiting medial & lateral movement

Saddle joint

Modified ellipsoid joint

convex and concave articulating surfaces

motion around 2 axes

Bones of head & neck

skull, mandible, hyoid

what helps with speech & sound in head and neck?

Paranasal Sinuses & larynx

Oral cavity

mouth to soft palate

beginning of digestive tract

inhalation/respiration

pharnx

leads to esophagus & larynx

formed by 2 layers of muscle for swallowing

what are the joints of the skull

sutures, sharpeys fibers, synathroses

TMJ joints

synovial joints

move together

Essential for eating, hygiene, singing, facial expressions

Articular discs to reduce friction

functional motion of mandible

Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction, Lateral Deviation

Muscles for speech and chewing

Master, temporalis, & Pterygoids

muscles for swallowing

suprahyoid, infrahyoid. extrinsic & intrinsic tounge muscles

Phases of swallowing

Anticipatory phase, oral prepatory phase, oral transit phase, pharygeal phase, esphageal phase,

anticipatory phase

Begins before entering dining area

Expectation of eating experience

Hunger/appetite

Oral Preparatory Phase

•Food mixes with saliva

•Mastication of food with teeth

•Forms bolus

Oral Transit Phase

Tongue moves bolus posteriorly toward pharynx

Pharyngeal Phase

Bolus passes into oropharynx

Bolus moves downward toward esophagus

Esophageal Phase

Bolus enters the esophagus through the cricopharyngeal juncture

Dysphagia

Impairment with swallowing

Voluntary or involuntary

Aspiration

Food or liquid entering trachea

Bones of spine

Vertebral column

Ribs

Sternum

Skull

Location for attachment of large muscles

cervical has _

7

Thoracic has _

12

lumbar has

5

sacral has

5

coccygeal

3-5

lordosis

curved like your bowing