Ch. 4 Glands and Composite Tissues

glands

functions to secrete mucus, hormones, enzymes, and waste products

endocrine glands

contain no ducts and secrete directly into interstitial fluid or bloodstream

exocrine glands

contain ducts and secrete products to outside the body

merocrine glands

a type of exocrine gland that secretes via secretory vesicles; the glandular cells remain intact, and secrete tears, saliva, pancreatic secretions, gastric secretions, and some sweat

holocrine glands

a type of exocrine gland that accumulates product, then disintegrates; secretion includes cell fragments; sebaceous glands

apocrine glands

a type of exocrine gland that accumulates product in the apical region of the cell, then the apical region "decapitates"; mammary glands and ceruminous (earwax) glands

cutaneous membranes

contains an epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer to form an outer protective layer (skin)

mucous membranes

consists of epithelial cells and a thick layer of connective tissue (lamina propria) for secretion of mucus, protection, and absorption; lines cavities and canals that open to the outside

serous membranes

consists of epithelial cells (mesothelium) and a thin, loose connective tissue layer that lines the ventral body cavities to secrete serous fluid which protects against friction

synovial membranes

consists of only connective tissue that lines freely movable joints to produce synovial fluid and minimize friction if a joint

cardiac muscle

an involuntary muscle that consists of intercalated discs and a single nucleus

skeletal muscle

a multinucleated, involuntary muscle that has a highly organized arrangement of myofilaments, and contains actin and myosin proteins which help the muscle contract

smooth muscle

an involuntary muscle with no striations, spindle like cells, and a single central nucleus

nervous tissue

a cell that consists of dendrites, a cell body, a nucleus, an axon, nodes of ranvier, a myelin sheath, a schwann cell, and axon terminals

metaplasia

change in tissue type due to disease

hypertrophy

increase in cell size due to extreme exercise

hyperplasia

increase in cell numbers die to mostly natural occurences

neoplasia

excessive reproduction of cells causes a tumor to form

atrophy

decrease in size or number of cells usually due to disease

gangrene

necrosis of soft tissue due to decreased blood supply

dry gangrene

often results from extreme cold or cardiovascular disease restricting blood flow

wet gangrene

result of bacterial infection in which the cells rupture and release fluid

gas gangrene

caused by bacteria and releases gas that makes a crackling sound