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Absolute Monarchy
A form of government in which a ruler has complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs.
Divine Right
The idea that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.
Hapsburg Empire
A Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s, including the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands at its height.
Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1500–1558) who rejected Martin Luther’s reformation efforts and later divided his empire before entering a Catholic monastery.
Philip II
King of Spain and Portugal (1527-1598) known for his support of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and the strong Spanish Empire.
Armada
A fleet of ships.
El Greco
Spanish painter, sculptor, and architect during Spain’s Golden Age (1541–1614).
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish novelist and playwright (1547–1616), best known for his novel "Don Quixote."
Huguenots
French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s.
Henry IV
German king and Holy Roman Emperor (1050–1106) known for his conflict with Pope Gregory VIII over lay investiture.
Edict of Nantes
Law issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 granting more religious freedom to French Protestants.
Cardinal Richelieu
Chief minister to Louis XIII (1585–1642) and a significant political figure in France’s history.
Louis XIV
King of France (1638–1715) considered the symbol of absolute monarchy.
Intendants
Officials appointed by Louis XIV to govern provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Controller general of finance under Louis XIV, known for economic programs that strengthened France.
Versailles
Royal French residence and seat of government established by Louis XIV.
Levee
Morning ritual where nobles would wait upon King Louis XIV.
Balance of Power
Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong.
Cult of Domesticity
Idealization of women and the home.
Temperance Movement
Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Author and activist (1815–1902) who played a major role in the women’s rights movement.
Women’s Suffrage
The right of women to vote.
Sojourner Truth
African American woman (1797–1883) known for her work in human rights and the women’s rights movement.
John Dalton
English scientist (1766–1844) who developed the Atomic Theory in 1803.
Charles Darwin
English naturalist (1809–1882) who developed the theory of evolution through natural selection.
Racism
The belief that one racial group is superior to another.
William Wordsworth
Influential poet (1770–1850) who helped launch Romanticism and focused on emotion in his work.
Romanticism
19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason.
Lord Byron
Romantic poet (1788–1824) known for his political and social satire and embodiment of the Romantic hero.
Victor Hugo
Leading literary figure in France (1802–1885) known for works like "Notre Dame de Paris" and "Les Misérables."
Ludwig van Beethoven
German composer (1770–1827) known for his symphonies and overcoming deafness to compose music.
Realism
19th-century artistic movement aimed at representing the world as it is.
Charles Dickens
English author (1812–1870) dedicated to depicting real life and exposing social ills in his novels.
Gustave Courbet
Leading French painter in the Realist movement (1819–1877) known for depicting daily life and social issues.
Louis Daguerre
French painter and physicist (1787–1851) who invented photography, revolutionizing the arts and sciences.
Impressionism
Style of painting in the late 1800s and early 1900s that aimed to capture fleeting visual impressions.
Claude Monet
Leading figure in the French Impressionist movement (1840–1926) known for his use of color and light.
Vincent van Gogh
Influential artist (1853–1890) known for his vibrant colors and emotional style, producing over 2,000 works.
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