Unit 4 Vocab pt 1

Absolute Monarchy

A form of government in which a ruler has complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs.

Divine Right

The idea that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.

Hapsburg Empire

A Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s, including the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands at its height.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor (1500–1558) who rejected Martin Luther’s reformation efforts and later divided his empire before entering a Catholic monastery.

Philip II

King of Spain and Portugal (1527-1598) known for his support of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and the strong Spanish Empire.

Armada

A fleet of ships.

El Greco

Spanish painter, sculptor, and architect during Spain’s Golden Age (1541–1614).

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish novelist and playwright (1547–1616), best known for his novel "Don Quixote."

Huguenots

French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s.

Henry IV

German king and Holy Roman Emperor (1050–1106) known for his conflict with Pope Gregory VIII over lay investiture.

Edict of Nantes

Law issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 granting more religious freedom to French Protestants.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII (1585–1642) and a significant political figure in France’s history.

Louis XIV

King of France (1638–1715) considered the symbol of absolute monarchy.

Intendants

Officials appointed by Louis XIV to govern provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Controller general of finance under Louis XIV, known for economic programs that strengthened France.

Versailles

Royal French residence and seat of government established by Louis XIV.

Levee

Morning ritual where nobles would wait upon King Louis XIV.

Balance of Power

Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong.

Cult of Domesticity

Idealization of women and the home.

Temperance Movement

Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Author and activist (1815–1902) who played a major role in the women’s rights movement.

Women’s Suffrage

The right of women to vote.

Sojourner Truth

African American woman (1797–1883) known for her work in human rights and the women’s rights movement.

John Dalton

English scientist (1766–1844) who developed the Atomic Theory in 1803.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist (1809–1882) who developed the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Racism

The belief that one racial group is superior to another.

William Wordsworth

Influential poet (1770–1850) who helped launch Romanticism and focused on emotion in his work.

Romanticism

19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason.

Lord Byron

Romantic poet (1788–1824) known for his political and social satire and embodiment of the Romantic hero.

Victor Hugo

Leading literary figure in France (1802–1885) known for works like "Notre Dame de Paris" and "Les Misérables."

Ludwig van Beethoven

German composer (1770–1827) known for his symphonies and overcoming deafness to compose music.

Realism

19th-century artistic movement aimed at representing the world as it is.

Charles Dickens

English author (1812–1870) dedicated to depicting real life and exposing social ills in his novels.

Gustave Courbet

Leading French painter in the Realist movement (1819–1877) known for depicting daily life and social issues.

Louis Daguerre

French painter and physicist (1787–1851) who invented photography, revolutionizing the arts and sciences.

Impressionism

Style of painting in the late 1800s and early 1900s that aimed to capture fleeting visual impressions.

Claude Monet

Leading figure in the French Impressionist movement (1840–1926) known for his use of color and light.

Vincent van Gogh

Influential artist (1853–1890) known for his vibrant colors and emotional style, producing over 2,000 works.