History Ch 9-11

Delhi

India capital at the start of Muslim rule

Why does external conquering happen later in India?

geographic barriers: hindu kush, desert, him mountains

Muslim vs Indian fighting tactics

Muslim: archers and horses (harsh, quick, close contact)

Hindu: elephants (distance fighting)

Why did many Hindus convert to Islam?

because Islam had no confining cate system, but fluid social mobility

Batu

Mongol

Russia and Eastern Europe

Tamerlane

Mongol leader that lead invasions into India

Religious tolerance in Muslim India

Hindus could still practice, but they had to pay a tax since they weren’t Muslim

Sikhism

monotheistic religion based on equality and tolerance

Nanak

founder of Sikhism

sikh

disciple

Gobind Singh

10th Sikh Guru

promote unity to end caste system by eliminating last names

Singh

lion; men last names

Kaur

princess; women last names

Amrit

Sikh initiation to become Khalsa

the 5 Ks ( Sikh articles of faith)

Kesh- uncut hair w/ turban

Kirpan- sword

Kara- metal bracelet

Kanga- comb

Kachera- underclothing

Babur

founder of Mughal Empire; grandfather

Akbar the Great

grandson

centralized gov w/o hereditary positions

religious tolerance

Jahangir

Akbar son

weak so his wife ruled

Nur Jahan

ruled in place of her husband, Jahangir

Shah Jahan

build Taj Mahal for his wife

overthrown by his son

grandson of Akbar and son of Jahangir

Mumtaz Mahal

Shah Jahan wife that the Taj Mahal was built in honor of

Aurangzeb

son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal

over threw his father

end religious tolerance and overturn legislation that protected it

Taj Mahal

tomb built in honor of Mumtaz Mahal

Golden Ages of China

Song and Tang (science and technology)

Sui Dynasty

grand canal, southern china, over thrown by its own general

Li Yuan

Sui General that overthrew

Founder of the Tang Dynasty

Led for 8 years

Li Shimin

pushed his father to overthrow Sui

took over after 8 years

Tributary States

self governed but recognize Chinese supremacy and send tributary

Vietnam, Tibet, Korea

Empress Wu Zhao

only woman to rule china in her own name

land reforms

centralized government by weakening aristocratic power and giving land to peasants

under tang

Zhao Kaungyin

founder of Song Dynasty

Song farming

rice, able to have 2 harvests per year → pop boom

gentry

wealthy land owners

foot binding

Song practice for women that started in Imperial Court and excluded the farming class

Song art and architecture

statues of Buddha

Pagoda- multi story temple

blue-grey porcelan

Genghis Khan

World Emperor

generous to those in his military

mobile militray

Yuan Dynasty

Mongols rule China

Kublai Khan = founder

• present day Bejing = capital

• connect grand canal to the whole of China

Ming Dynasty

push out Mongols → revive Chinese power

brilliance

mobile military

white and blue porciline

Renaissance

1300s to 1600s

Humanism

heart of the Renaissance

intellectual movement focussing on Greek and Roman cultures (the classics)

Florence

Italian city that was the heart of the Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci

Last Supper and Mona Lisa

Michelangelo

works: David sculpture, Sistine Chapel, St Peter Cathedral dome

lived with the Medici fam

Raphael

School of Athens

Francesco Petrarch

gather and translate classic works (manuscripts) to create a library

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote the Prince: guide for rulers on gaining and maintaining power

Johannes Gutenberg

created the printing press

Sir Thomas Moore

wrote Utopia

Martin Luther

led protestant reformation

rejected 5/7 sacraments bc not in bible

printing press = gift from God

salvation = own

bible = source truth

95 Theses

Martin Luther wrote opposing indulgences and the other church misdeeds

Charles V

went against Martin Luther and assembled a diet against him, which made him an outlaw

John Calvin

church reformer- calvinists

form and running a protestant church

predestination- God determined who gains salvation

Geneva, Switzerland

model calvinist community where JC preached that was also a theocracy

Peasants Revolt

reform to end serfdom/laborers hard life

ML ended up denouncing due to violence

Peace of Augsburg

Charles V

allow princeps to choose rel- to get german princeps back into Catholic church

North- Lutheran (later Protestant)

South- catholic

anabaptists

reject infant baptism

Henry VIII

ruler of England who had 6 wives

was at first the “defender of the faith” (catholic) but he wanted to left the church to divorce Catherine

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII first wife and Mary Tudor’s mother

Clement VII

Henry 8 asked this pope to annul but he denied because Charles V was his friend and Catherine’s nephew

Act of Supremacy

made England’s ruler supreme head of Church of England

• one of the laws after Henry broke away from the church

• catholics rejected and were executed

Thomas Cranmer

archbishop who annulled Henry 8 marriage to Catherine

Anne Boleyn

Henry 8 2nd wife who was beheaded

Elizabeth I mother

Edward VI

Henry 8 only son who he had with Jane Seymor

path of the English crown after Henry 8 dies

Edward V1 (9-15 yo then die)

Mary Tudor (Catholic, kill T Cranmer, jail Elizabeth I)

Jane i (9 days then beheaded)

Elizabeth I (religious compromise)

Pope Paul III

lead catholic reformation

Council of Trent- to make reform plan

Heliocentric Idea

Nicolaus Copernicus

sun = center of the universe

Tycho Brahe

year long study to support Copernicus

Johannes Kepler

Brahe assistant

support but discover that orbits are ovals. not round

Galileo Galilei

inquisition and telescope, condemned by the church

Francis Bacon

experimentation and observation

Rene Descartes

human reasoning

Robert Boyle

matter = tiny particles

Isaac Newton

gravty and calc

Moluccas

spice islands

cinnamon, cloves, pepper are most sought after

goals/causes of European exploration

new route to asia to cut out middle man

covert people/spread christianity

European exploration was enabled by….

1. cartographers/map makers

2. better designed ships/transportation

3. weapons/cannons

Prince Henry

Portugal

convert/spread christianity

find Muslim source of gold

mapping coat of Africa

Bartolomeu Dias

Portugese

sail around souther tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

Vasco de Gama

Portugese

4 ships to Cape of Good Hope and Calicut

lost 2 ships & scurvy

forced trade treaty with Calicut

Christopher Colombus

Italian but sailed for Spain

goal to reach East Indies but went to Carribean

Ferdinand and Isabella

rulers of Spain

goal- spread Christianity

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portugal and Spain

Line of Demarcation

• Spain = west of cape verde

• Portugal = east of cape verde

problem=left out other countries

Amerigo Vespucci

trip to Brazil

map Americas

Martin Waldseemuller

finish Vespucci work and name it the Americas after him

search for the North West Passage

Ferdinand Magellan

5 ships to go find NWP

find acess to southern tip of S AMerica (strait of magellan)

took longer than expected and when arrive in Philippines the survivors killed him

all that was left were 18 survivors (1st to circumnavigate the globe)

Cape Town

1st permanent settlement; Dutch

Alfonso de Albuquerque

Portugese

control trade in indian ocean

made false promises to the coastal indians

Dutch East India Company

trading w? china and Mediteranian

sovereign- doesnt answer to certain country

Mughal Empire trade

luxury goods: spices and textiles (silk and cotton)

Matteo Ricci

Jesuit priest focus on converting the upper chinese class (to christianity)

unsuccesful bc better to target general public when trying to spread ideas

Manchus

control China → Qing Dynasty

2 officials: 1 Chinese and 1 Manchu

Lord Macarteny

british & met w/ Qing emperor, but issues arose:

• made the emp speak english

• tried to trade lesser goods but didnt recognize the superiority of the chinese goods

• refused to kowtow

Korea

attacked by Japan (twice)

attacked by Manchus & became a tributary state

isolationism

Japan (Christianity)

christians’ loyalty to japan vs pope is questioned

• traitors to japan

• persecuted

isolationism

Taínos

those in the caribbean village where columbus landed

• corn and yams

conquistadors

spanish conquerors

capture islands of hispanola (DR and Haiti)

goals:

• find gold

• spread christianity

• learn farming techniques

Harnán Cortés

landed in cuba looking for gold

advantages over the Aztecs:

• horses, guns, brought disease, cannons

Aztec

Moctezuma=leader

killed by smallpox

Tenochtitlan → Mexico City

Francisco Pizzaro

peru looking for gold and find Incas

conquer ecudor to chilli too

anvantages:

• brought disease, tricked emperor and capture (time of civil war), superior weapons

Council of Indies

make laws in spanish colonies