Anatomy and Physiology 101 Final Exam Ivy Tech

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology

anatomy- study of structure

physiology- study of function

what are the levels of organization

subatomic particle- protons, electrons, neutrons

atom

molecule

macromolecule

organelle

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

what are the characteristics of life?

movement

responsiveness

respiration

absorption

secretion

digestion

assimilation- changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

circulation

reproduction

growth

what are the requirements of life?

water

food

heat

pressure

oxygen

define homeostasis

maintaining of a stable enviroment

what is a homeostatic mechanism

monitors aspects of internal environment and corrects as needed

*negative feedback mechanism

define matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

element

composed of chemically identical atoms

atom

smallest particle of atom, basic unit of matter

what are structure of an atom

nucleus

protons

neutron

electrons

define nucleus, proton, electron, neutron

nucleus- central part of atom

proton- positive charge

electron- negative charge

neutron- no electrical charge

ionic bond

formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

what are covalent bonds

when two molecules share electron

hydrogen bond

formed between water molecule, attraction between positive end of polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule

define synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions

Synthesis- A+B=AB

Decomposition- AB=A+B

exchange- AB+CD=AD+BC

define reactant

starting materials of reactions

product

ending material

define catalyst

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction

what is an acid

dissociates with water

base

combines in water

what happens to salts when dissolved in water and what is produced?

The salt molecules are "torn apart" by the water, and are reduced to sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) ions.

what is the pH scale? what ions are involved in the pH scale?

pH scale- indicated the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, H+ and OH-

organic molecule

contains Carbon and hydrogen and dissolves in water.

inorganic molecule

does not contain C and H and dissociates with water

What is dehydration synthesis

taking water out (producing water) to form a new product. Uses energy

hydrolysis

separation of two macromolecules by adding water. Releases energy

what are carbohydrates

provide energy and cell structure

lipids

provide energy and cell structure

proteins

structural material, enzymes, energy, hormones,

nucleic acids

store information for protein synthesis, control cell activity

what are amino acids?

Protein building blocks which are help together by peptide bonds

what are enzymes?

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

DNA

Part of chromosomes and in nucleus. responsible for storing and transferring genetic information.

RNA

located in cytoplasm. directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins

describe cell membrane

controls what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer

nucleus

control center

cytoplasm

contains cytosol

cytosol

aqueous substance

organelles

organized/specialized structures in cell

Function of Ribosomes

synthesize protein

ER

transport system, ribosome attachment, synthesize lipids

Golgi apparatus

modify, package, deliver protein

mitochondria

generate energy

Function lysosome

digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances

peroxisome

breakdown organic molecules

centrosome

produce cilia and flagella, distribute chromosomes during cell division

Function vesicle

store, transport or digest cellular products and cellular waste

cilia

propel substances across surfaces

flagella

motility of sperm

function of nuclear envelope

control substance in and out of nucleus

nuclear pores

a large complex of proteins that allows small molecules and ions to freely pass, or diffuse, into or out of the nucleus

nucleolus

site of ribosome formation

chromatin

package DNA into a small volume to fit into the nucleus of a cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence

define pinocytosis

engulfs liquids from surrondings

define phagocytosis

engulfs solids from surroundings

exocytosis

vesicle fuses with membrane and releases contents outside of cell

transcytosis

ferries particles through cell

isotonic

neutral

hypertonic

cell shrinks

hypotonic

cell swells

interphase

cell growth, replicates material to prepare for cell division, synthesize organelles for cell divisision

prophase

chromosomes form, nuclear envelop disappears

metaphase

chromosomes align midway between centrioles

anaphase

chromosomes separate and move to centrioles (opposite ends0

telophase

chromatin forms, nuclear envelope forms

anabolism

anabolism- provides the materials needed for cellular growth and repair

dehydration synthesis

catabolism

breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules

hydrolosis

define denaturization

change the nature or natural qualities of a substance

How is ATP made?

glycolysis and cellular respiration

How is ATP broken down to release energy?

hydrolysis

what is a nucleotide

form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA

what is transcription

process by which the genetic information encoded in a linear sequence of nucleotides in one strand of DNA is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of RNA

what is translation

genetic information present in an mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein

How is DNA replicated?

The double helix is unwound and each strand acts as a template for the next strand. Bases are matched to synthesize the new partner strands

what is a mutation

change in genetic information

how is RNA made?

DNA transcription

Where do you find simple squamous tissue?

lines air sacs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Where do you find simple cuboidal tissue?

line kidney tubules, ovaries, and ducts

where do you find simple columnar tissue

line uterus, stomach, intestines

where do you find pseudo-stratified columnar tissue

line respiratory pathways

where do you find stratified squamous tissue

line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal

where do you find stratified cuboidal tissue

line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands,salivary glands, and pancreas

where do you find stratified columnar tissue

line male urethra and part of pharnyx

where do you find transitional tissue

line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

loose CT

bind sin to structures

mainly fibroblasts, elastic and collagenous fibers

Adipose Tissue

cushion, insulate, store fat

adipocytes

reticular CT

reticular fibers

support internal organ walls

dense CT

bind body parts together

elastic and collegenous fibers, few fibroblasts

tendons, ligaments, dermis

elastic CT

elastic fibers, fibroblasts

attachment between bones

Bone

supports, protects, forms blood cells, attachment for muscles, skeleton

cartilage

hyaline- nose, ends of bone

elastic- ear

fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs

blood

transports, defends, clotting, throughout body

skeletal muscle

attached to bone, striated, voluntary, many nuclei

smooth muscle

walls of organs and blood vessels, skin, involuntary, striated, single nuclei

cardiac muscle

heart wall, involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, single nuclei

chondrocyte

cells of cartilage

lacunae

hole for chondrocyte

osteocyte

cells of bone

lamellae

thin calcified layer of bone

canaliculi

canal or duct