Immersion APP007

Modules 1-6; 1st Grading of the 2nd Semester

Rationale

provides ideas and background that causes the researcher to undergo the study

Purpose

refers to the goals/objectives of your research / it further answers on what the researcher expect to discover

Research Question

It is usually the end of the introduction / is related to the purpose and it should be focused and clear

Broad Topic

means something covers a lot of area

Narrow Topic

has focus and the choices available are defined and specific 

Primary Sources

original materials that have been collected specially for the purpose in mind / these data has not been published and it is more reliable, authentic and objective.

Secondary Sources

data that has been already collected and readily available.

Tertiary Sources

indexes, dictionaries, guides and bibliographies/ references that are aid the researcher in using primary and secondary sources. 

Non-documentary Sources

unpublished forms of communication and information. 

Online Searching

Information found on the internet through search engines (ex: Google, Bing, Yahoo)

Conceptual Framework

basic structure that serves a mental window of the researcher because it illustrates the researcher design and relationships of the variables involved / written or visual presentation that explains either geographically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied.

Theoretical Framework

consists of theories that are interrelated / help organize and verify different observations related to the behaviors

Hypothesis

tentative answer to a research problem / prediction of an expected outcome in terms of significant effect different or relationship 

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

states the absence of relationship, effect or difference between dependent and independent variables.

Alternatre Hypothesis (Ha)

always predicts that there will be a relationship, effect or difference between the variables being studied. 

Statement of the Problem

It is the researcher’s guide during the research process / verabilization and articulation of the researcher’s questions

2 Types of SOP

1. Main Problem/Major Problem

2. Sub-Problems

Interrogative Manner

Ex: What are the factors that affect the teaching strategies of teachers?

Declarative Manner

Ex: This study aims to design and develop an online course in Human Behavior in the Organization at the Senior High School Students

Significance of the Study

Portion of the study where the researcher will tell the importance and purpose of the study

Research Methods

These are the particular strategies researchers use to collect the evidence necessary for building and testing theories

Cross-Sectional Studies

aim to find out the prevalence of phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or issue by taking a cross section of the population. 

The Before and After Design

aka Pre-test/Post-test Design / can measure changes in a situation, phenomenon, issue, problem or attitude / find out the change in the phenomenon or variable between two points in time.

The Longitudinal Study Design

useful to determine the pattern of extent of change in a phenomenon, situation, problem or attitude in relation to time. 

The Retrospective Study Design

used to investigate a phenomenon, situation problem or issue that has happened in the past. 

The Prospective Study Design

attempts to establish the outcome of an event or what is likely to happen in the future. 

The Retrsopective-Prospective Study Design

applies to study wherein available data are analyzed and used as bases of future projection. 

Non-Experimental Design

the researcher observes a phenomenon and attempts to establish what caused it. 

Experimental Design

assumption of a cause and effect relationship / the researcher introduces the intervention that is assumed to be the cause of change and waits until it has produced the change.

Survey

to see a general picture of the population under investigation in terms of their social and economic characteristics, opinions and their knowledge about and behavior towards a certain phenomena. 

Correlational

to find out the direction and extent of relationship between variable of a population under study 

Quasi-experimental

has the properties of both experimental and non-experimental studies 

Case Study

in depth investigation of a single or small number of units / rich and in-depth information which is not usually offered by other methods. 

Grounded Theory

aims to develop theories and theoretical propositions grounded on the real world observations.

Phenomenology

describes accurately the lived experiences of people being studied. 

Ethnography

deals with the scientific description of individual culture involving the origins, development and characteristics of humankind

Mixed Methods

(research design) uses both quantitative and qualitative approach in answering the research questions. 

Probability Design

AKA Random Sampling / Every element of the population has the non zero chance to be chosen as a sample

Non-probability technique

AKA Purposive Sampling / the sample you gathereed does give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected

Mixed Methods

(sampling design) sampling method that combines different tpes of sampling methods into a single design

Random Sampling

Every element of the population has an equal chance to be chosen as a sample

Stratified Sampling

The population N is divided to subpopulation called strata

Systematic Sampling

Equally important in your selection of a probability sampling method in your study / formula: k = N/n

Cluster Sampling

AKA area sampling / usually consists of geographic units like barangay, cities, town or schools

Convenience Sampling

Most available samples are chosen and they are familiar to the researchers

Snowball Sampling

AKA referral sampling / The participants of the study will refer another potential participant

Purposive Samplling

Used when you want to access a particular subset of people based on purpose

Quota Sampling

Freedom to choose any respondents as long as the quota is met

Observation

If your study does not entail personal contact with your respondents, you and your research team can perform this method

Participant Observation Technique

You can live and learn with your respondents for a certain period of time, while doing this, you observe and occasionally conduct informal interview with the members of the group under study.

Non-participant observation method

Where you as a researcher are a mere by standard observing the group being studied

Interview

When you seek in-depth information from your participants of the study

Interview guide

Where you can modify the question in order to suite the conditions or situations of the respondents of the study

Opening Questions

This part you need to establish rapport to your respondents of the study

Generative Questions

Researchers are encourage to ask open ended questions

Directive Questions

These are close-ended questions to elicit specific answers like those that are answerable with yes or no, with one type of an object, or with definite period of time and the like

Ending Questions

You are giving your respondents a chance to express their satisfaction, reactions, want and comment about the interview

Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

A qualitative method with consist of a small number of participants, usually around six to 12 together in a room to engage in a guided discussion of a topic

Questionnaire

When you get information from people that are spread over a wide area and that are not easy to contact face-to-face / A predetermined set of questions given to a number of respondents to completej

Database

Simply organized lists of data / can be computerized, books or paper filing systems