Vaccines (week 3 pt.2)

development of antibodies in response to antigenic stimulation

active immunity

transferred protection through performed antibodies produced by another individual

passive immunity

induction of an active immunologic response BEFORE you encounter the pathogen (leads to the activation of memory B and T cells that can survive for years)

vaccines

vaccination can educate your immune system to fight off the pathogen while during a ___infection your body is trying to fight off __ of microbes that could lead to illness

natural, billions

contain a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can’t cause disease

live, attenuated vaccines

live, attenuated vaccines are __ to a natural infection

closest

live, attenuated vaccines induce ___ immune responses like ___ and CD8 responses and strong antibody responses (memory B-cells)

robust, CD4

main disadvantages of live, attenuated vaccines include

• possibility of reversion to virulent form

• must be refrigerated

inactivated vaccines stimulate ___ immune responses than ___ vaccines

weaker, live

main disadvantage of inactivated vaccines

takes several additional doses or booster shots

natural infections and vaccines are both types of

active immunity

a vaccine is an example of ___ active immunity

artificial

breastfeeding passing on maternal antibodies is a form of ___ passive immunity

natural

a common type of artificial passive immunity is

monoclonal antibodies

mRNA vaccines provide genetic code for a pathogen protein so the host cell can use the ___ to make the ___ which ___ the immune response

code, protein, trigger

most important virulence factor for the SARS CoV-2 structure is

the spike (S) protein

the spike protein helps ___ to ACE2 receptor on host cells, the TMPRSS2 on host cells is also important for ___

bind, entry

• alveolar type 2 cells

• lung-associated macrophages?

major cell targets of spike protein

the ___ viral protein is used to attach and fuse with host cell membrane (in SARS CoV-2 spikes)

spike

the spike protein first interacts with the ____ on host cells to ___then attach to the ____ receptor on host cells

TMPRSS2, activate, ACE2

TMPRSS2

transmembrane serine protease 2

mutations to the SARS CoV-2 ___ protein are major ___ targets

spike, vaccine

in COVID-19 ____ vaccines, mRNA have the ___ for spike protein so the ___ cell can use the code to make the ___ protein

mRNA, code, host, spike

with mRNA COVID vaccines the ___ system will make neutralizing Abs against the ___ protein that can block the virus from binding to the___receptor

immune, spike, ACE2

these are the two mRNA covid vaccines

Pfizer and Moderna

pfizer and moderna use a ___ nanoparticle delivery system

lipid

both pfizer and moderna vaccines have to be kept

frozen

viral vector vaccines are made up of a ___ section of the virus’ genetic material, they act as ___ for a specific protein. The ___ capsule from another virus carries the gene safely to our cells

small, blueprint, viral

Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca vaccines are an example of

viral vector vaccines

Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca vaccines both use weakened

chimpanzee adenovirus

the J&J and AstraZeneca vaccines are only approved for ages ___ and up

18

Novovax is a ___ ____vaccine

protein subunit

use a portion of a bacteria or virus to cause an immune response independent of its virus or bacteria of origin. Elements of these vaccines include proteins, polysaccharide chains, or a combo

protein subunit vaccine

when enough people are immune to a certain pathogen that it significantly limits its spread

herd immunity

• Pain, swelling, redness at injection site

• Mild fever

• Chills

• Muscle and joint aches

• Tiredness

• Headache

common vaccine reactions

all vaccine adverse complications come from the live infection but the risk is ___ with the natural infection compared to the vaccine

higher

if you had a serious rxn before it’s generally recommended that you do ___ receive the ___ vaccine again

not, same

• Anaphylaxis

• Guillain-Barre Syndrome

• Seizures

• Thrombocytopenia syndrome

vaccine adverse effects