Drug Use and Abuse Exam 2

Chapters 4-8 (Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology, Stimulants, Nicotine, and Caffiene

As a result of classical conditioning, previously neutral stimuli that have been paired with drug use may elicit:

the drug effects or the withdrawal effects of a drug

How does age influence drug effects?

Children and the elderly are more susceptible to a drug’s effects.

True or False: Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug, but not to others.

True

Individual differences in the initial sensitivity to a drug’s effects are thought to be determined by:

genetics

If an individual needs to drink 6 beers in order to achieve the same effect that they used to experience with 3 beers, this is an example of:

protracted tolerance

If an individual learns to compensate for their drunkness by walking more slowly, this would be an example of ______ tolerance.

behavioral (tolerance)

Some of the effects of alcohol are greater when blood alcohol level is rising that when blood alcohol level is declining. This is called:

acute tolerance

______ refers to an increase in the rate of the metabolism of a drug, so that the user must consume greater quantities of it in order to maintain a certain level of the drug in their body.

dispositional tolerance

In ______ tolerance, a person’s tolerance to one drug may extend to other closely related drugs

cross (tolerance)

The _____ is a set of ethical guidelines established after WWII to prevent human rights abuse in biomedical research

Nuremberg Code

The cell adaption-homeostasis theory of drug tolerance is most helpful in exploring _____ tolerance

protracted (tolerance) (a type of functional/pharacodynamic tolerance)

One of the most important factors about the _____ route of administration is that it bypasses all of our body’s safety mechanisms.

intravenous

Once in the bloodstream, orally administered drugs pass through the ____ before reaching the brain.

liver

The presence of food in the stomach _____ absorption and _____ the maximum drug level achieved for orally administered drugs.

delays; decreases

_____ best reflects subcutaneous injection and absorption rate.

slow and constant

______ means that the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood.

zero-order kinetics

A drug’s dose is calculated according to a person’s:

weight

The ___ is (are) primarily responsible for drug metabolism; the ___ is (are) the most important organ for excretion of drugs and their metabolites.

liver; kidneys

_____ is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.

Pharmacodynamics

True or False: The routes of administration from quickest to longest are inhalation, intramuscular, and oral.

True

_____ is the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action

bioavailability

What does the pharmacological phrase ED 60 mean?

60% of the patients who receive a given dose will experience a particular effect.

_____ is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs.

Pharmacokinetics

True or False: A drug’s half-life is the time it takes for a drug’s effects to become half as potent.

False

What is the first stage in the FDA’s guidelines for the testing and marketing of a drug?

belief that a particular compound has clinical value.

Cocaine first became an abuse problem in the United States in the:

1880s

Stimulants known as “bath salts” are synthetic analogues of a compound found in the ____ plant

khat

Cocaethylene is:

a compound that is created when someone uses cocaine and alcohol together.

__ is a smokeable form of cocaine__;__ ___ is a smokeable form of methamphetamine.

crack; ice

What are the mechanisms by which controlled stimulants can cause death?

convulsions and heart attack.

The depression that follows heavy use of controlled stimulants is thought to be related to:

monoamine depletion

The active ingredient in khat is:

cathinone

True or False: cocaine use prevalence is higher than methamphetamine use prevalence according to the NSDUH.

True

Sympathomimetic drugs:

include bath salts, amphetamines, and cocaine.

Infants whose mothers were addicted to cocaine during pregnancy:

experience short-term neurological problems after birth

Many states now control cold medication that contains pseudoephedrine. What is the reason for this?

Pseudoephedrine is an ingredient used to make methamphetamine.

The difference between cocaine and the amphetamines is that:

the effects of amphetamines last longer than the effects of cocaine.

cocaine withdrawal can include what?

depression

The most frequently reported nicotine withdrawal symptom is:

craving

The main reason humans consume tobacco is for its ____ content

nicotine

When was the peak of smoking among Americans?

1963

True or False: Current smoking prevalence for those over 18 is higher among individuals who are unemployed.

True

The major organ responsible for metabolizing nicotine is the:

liver

_____ is a partial agonist of nicotine receptors in the brain that helps people quit smoking

Varenicline (Chantix)

True or False: ENDS products are all similarly safe.

False

True or False: Adolescents who use ENDS are more likely to smoke cigarettes later in life.

True

_____ are the most toxic way to smoke tobacco

cigarettes

Most of the cancer-causing substances in smoke are in:

tar

True or False: Recent animal research suggests that teens’ brains are more susceptible to the rewarding effects of nicotine than are the brains of older individuals.

True

Precancerous cells that develop as a result of using smokeless tobacco are called:

leukoplakia

Overall, the prevalence of smoking has _____ since 1965

decreased

______ is a medication prescribed to help people stop smoking that is also prescribed under the name of Wellbutrin for depression.

Bupropion (Zyban)

True or False: Hugging a person after they smoked a cigarette exposes a person to third-hand smoke.

True

True or False: Cigarettes sold in the United States are required to have visual warnings of lesser known risks associated with cigarette smoking to cover 75% of the front and back of packaging of cigarettes.

False

In ____, the U.S. Surgeon General officially declared that physical dependence develops to nicotine.

1988

Nicotine is an agonist for:

acetylcholine

How long does it take to develop the first signs of nicotine tolerance?

the first time smoking

Individuals who struggle with ____ should be careful when using caffeine.

anxiety

The most commonly reported symptom of withdrawal from caffeine:

headaches

True or False: Of special concern about caffeine is that there is not research that has looked at the long-term effects of caffeine consumed by children.

True

How does the United States’ consumption of caffeine compare to the world average?

It is more than twice as much.

Caffeine is one of the three naturally occurring compounds known as the:

methylxanthines

The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from:

3-7 hours

How long does it take for caffeine levels to peak after consumption?

15-45 minutes

Caffeine is an _____ for _____

antagonist; adenosine