Carbohydrates and Proteins /Functional Groups and the Energy Currency

Functional Group

A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for certain properties of that molecule.

Hydroxyl Group

A functional group containing an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—OH); commonly found in alcohols.

Functional Group

A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for certain properties of that molecule.

Hydroxyl Group

A functional group containing an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—OH); commonly found in alcohols.

Carbonyl Group

A functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O); includes aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxyl Group

A functional group containing both a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group (—COOH); acts as an acid.

Amino Group (hint have N)

A functional group composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (—NH2); acts as a base.

Sulfhydryl Group (hint has a SH group)

A functional group containing a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH); important in protein structure.

Phosphate Group (hint has 0 electrons

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (—PO4); involved in energy transfer.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed from the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP.

Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information; includes DNA and RNA.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy carrier in cells; consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups.

Polyatomic Ion

An ion composed of two or more atoms bonded together, that carries a net charge.

Free Radical

An atom or molecule that has unpaired electrons and is highly reactive.

Amino Acid

The building blocks of proteins; contains an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain.

Aldehyde

A carbonyl compound where the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain.

Ketone

A carbonyl compound where the carbonyl group is within the carbon chain.

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates; single sugar molecules such as glucose and fructose.

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate formed from long chains of monosaccharides; examples include starch and cellulose.

Peptide Bond

The bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in biological systems.

Lipid

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, and phospholipids; important for energy storage.

Phospholipid

A type of lipid that forms the bilayer of cell membranes; consists of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

(hint when DNA splits )

A nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis; consists of a single strand of nucleotides.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A nucleic acid that carries genetic information; consists of two strands forming a double helix.

Carbohydrate

A macromolecule made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, used for energy and structural purposes in living organisms.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of carbon dioxide and water.

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules, such as glucose and fructose.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharide units linked together, such as sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (galactose + glucose).

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate that consists of long chains of monosaccharide units, such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Oligosaccharide

A carbohydrate that consists of a short chain of monosaccharide units, typically ranging from two to ten.

Amino acid

The building blocks of proteins, with a basic structure that includes an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.

Protein denaturation

The process by which proteins lose their native structure due to external stress, such as heat or acidity, resulting in loss of function.

Glycogen

A multi-branched polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, primarily stored in the liver and muscles.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that is a major component of plant cell walls, providing structural support.

Energy storage

The function of carbohydrates such as glycogen and starch, which can be broken down to release energy when needed.

Carbon-based life forms

Organisms whose molecular structure primarily consists of carbon, essential for forming biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Covalent bond

A type of chemical bond where two atoms share electrons.

Ionic bond

A type of chemical bond that occurs between atoms when one atom donates an electron to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Hydrogen bond

A weak bond between molecules that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom, typically oxygen or nitrogen.

Essential amino acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Macromolecule

A large molecule composed of thousands of atoms, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water; they are usually polar or charged.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water; they are usually nonpolar.

Monomer

A small molecule that can bond together with other similar molecules to form a polymer.

Polymer

A large molecule composed of repeating structural units (monomers) connected by covalent bonds.

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to produce ATP (energy) in the presence of oxygen.

Fatty acids

The building blocks of lipids, essential for energy storage and cell membrane structure.

Functional group

A specific group of atoms within a molecule responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.

What are carbohydrates primarily made of?

Carbohydrates are primarily made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What is the main function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy and structural support.

What is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

What distinguishes monosaccharides from other types of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.

Give an example of a disaccharide.

An example of a disaccharide is sucrose, which is composed of glucose and fructose.

What is a polysaccharide?

A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units.

What role do amino acids play in proteins?

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

What is protein denaturation?

Protein denaturation is the process by which proteins lose their native structure and function.

Where is glycogen primarily stored in the body?

Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and muscles.

What do essential amino acids need to be obtained from?

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.