Bio summer lab 8

Photosynthesis

Process that transforms solar light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical energy

Example of photoautotrophs

Plants, algae, and some prokaryotic cells

Two phases of phototsynthesis

Light dependent and light independent

Pigments involved in photosynthesis

Chlorophyll a and b

Carotenoids

Yellow, orange, and red

Pigments in the vacuoles give plants what coloration?

Blue, violet, purple, and dark red

Chlorophyll a color

Blue green

Chlorophyll b color

Yellow green

Animals cells have a cleavage furrow

True

Plants cels have a cell plate

True

Light-dependent reactions take place in?

Thylakoid membranes

Calvin cycle occurs in?

The stroma

Calvin cycle

Uses energy derived from the stroma to make G3P

Cellular respiration

Chemical energy stored in sugars is converted into ATP

Chromatography

Separating a complex mixture into its components on solubility

More oxygen =

More polar

Zeaxanthin =

Xanthophyll

If a wavelength is absorbed?

Organism uses the energy from it

2nd stage of photosyntheiss

Storing energy by carbon dioxide fixation

Variegated plant leaves =

Photosynthesis does not take place everywhere

What happens when plants are boiled in ethanol?”

It kills it, getting rid of chlorophyll and preserving other molecules

Why do you treat variegated plant leaves with lugols?

Starch is present

Mitosis

Forms somatic cells in humans

Meiosis

Forms gametes in humans

Fertilization forms?

zygotes

Somatic cell

Gamete cell

Somatic cells in humans

Diploid (2 of each); usually 46 chromosomes

Gametes in humans

Haploid (1 of each); usually 23 chromosomes

Zygote formation

2 haploid gametes

What happens to the 2 haploid gametes in zygote formation?

They fuse to become a haploid cell

Mitosis purpose

Growth and increasing the number of cells; Makes copies of the same cell

Cell cycle

Duplicate DNA in chromosomes and separate the copies into two genetically identical daughter cells

Cell cycle phases

Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis

Interphase phases

G1, S, and G2

G1 phase

Cells grows larger

S phase

DNA is replicated

G2 phase

Cell prepares for mitosis

DNA during interphase

Uncoiled and exists as chromatin

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasms splits

G1 checkpoint checks for

• Cell size

• Nutrients

• DNA damage

• Growth factors

G2 checkpoint checks for

• Complete DNA replication

M checkpoint

• Chromosomes properly lined up at the metaphase plate

Cells that undergo mitosis begin and end with the _____ number of chromosomes

same

Prophase

Nuclear membrane disappears, chromatids condense, spindle apparatus begins to appear

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell (metaphase plate)

Anaphase

Chromatids are separated and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

Nuclear membrane begins to reform, spindle fibers break down, chromosomes begin to uncoil

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm separates

Chromosome

DNA and proteins (during mitosis)

Chromatin

DNA and proteins (during interphase)

Genome

All of a cell’s genetic information

Sister chromatid’s

Joined duplicated chromosomes

Centromere

Region of the chromosome where the kinetochore attaches

Kinetochore

Protein structure where microtubules connect

Centrosome

Microtubule organizing center

Centriole

A cylinder of microtubule triplets

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Need to understand mitosis to understand growth, development, and reporduction

Human somatic cells

46 chromosomes

Human sperm/ova

22 somatic plus 1 gamete- haploid

Non-dividing stage that is 90% of the cell

Interphase

Interphase

Copies chromosomes to prepare for cell division

Meiosis

Purpose is to decrease genetic material by half and increase genetic diversity

Meiosis I

Separating homologous chromosomes

Meiosis II

Separating sister chromatids

Meiosis starts?

Diploid

Meiosis ends?

Meiosis I as haploid (with sister chromatids)

Meiosis II starting cell

2n = 4 (chromosomes)

Mitosis phases

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

Meiosis phases

• Prophase I

• Metaphase I

• Anaphase I

• Telophase I

Law of segregation

States that two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Law of independent assortment

Two or more genes assort independently

Locus

Particular gene

Allele

Different variation of that gene

Diploid organisms

Pair of chromosomes = 2

Mendel’s first law

Law of segregation of alleles during meiosis

Homozygous

AA, BB

Heterozygous

Aa, Bb

How many offspring will have what trait?

Depends on the parents genes

mendel’s second law

Alleles of unlinked genes assort independently

Unlinked

Not close to each other, not necessarily inherited together

Absorption spectra

hThe three curves show the wavelengts of light best absorbed by three types of chloroplast pigments