2.1 Biomed

Normal heart rate/pulse

60-100 bpm

what does bpm stand for

beats per minute

vital signs

temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure

oxygen saturation (SpO2)

percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

normal oxygen saturation

95-100%

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

normal blood pressure

120/80 mmHg or less

elevated blood pressure

120-129/less than 80

Hypertension Stage 1

130-139/80-89

hypertension stage 2

140+/90+

hypertensive crisis

\>180 and/or \>120

body temperature

measurement of the degree of heat of the deep tissues of the human body

Normal body temperature

98.6 F (37 C)

BMI (body mass index)

a measure of body weight relative to height

Normal BMI range

18.5-24.9

respiration rate

number of breaths per minute

Normal respiratory rate

12-20 breaths per minute

Cheif Complaint

the main reason for the patient's visit

medical history

complete and comprehensive information about your immunizations and any health problems you have had to date

medical symptom

an indication or characteristic of a physical or psychological condition

empathy

an understanding of another's feelings

tact

a keen sense for what is appropriate or tasteful in delicate situations

demeanor

behavior; manner of conducting oneself

Physcial Signs

the physcial signs someone shows when sick/injured.

diagnosis

identification of a disease

how long is a doctors visit

15-20 min

Health Care Hierarchy

med student→ resident→ fellow→ attending physician

Abnormal lung sounds

wheezing, crackles, stridor, rhonchi

Sethoscope

instrument used to hear internal body sounds

pulse oximeter

External monitor that measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood

thermometer

An instrument used to measure temperature

Snellen eye chart

eye chart used by eye care professionals and others to measure visual acuity.

weight scale

used to measure someones weight

tape measure

used to take body measurements

otoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the ear

calculator

a small machine that is used for mathematical calculations

sphygmomanometer

instrument to measure blood pressure

LVN/LPN

Licensed Vocational Nurse, Licensed Practical Nurse

Np

nurse practitioner

Rn

registered nurse

PCP

primary care physician

normal lung sounds

clear and equal bilaterally

Normal heart sounds

sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semilunar valves)

ABCDEs of melanoma

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution

diameter of a mole

melanomas are normally larger in diameter than the size of an eraser on a pencil

Cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

Carcinogen

A cancer-causing substance

Melanoma

black tumor

dermatologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin

skin

largest organ of the body

Intergumentary system

protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature, synthesizes vitamin D, detects invading bacteria

nose and throat

connected, changes in nasal passages impact breathing

strep throat

a sore throat caused by streptococcal bacteria, swollen lymph nodes, white passages, inflammed tonsils

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

conjuctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)

viral infections

caused by viruses

bacterial infection

cause by bacteria (pus is usually an indication of a bacterial infection)

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin

Testing peripheral vision

1. Position the patient

-the patient and the examiner should be facing each other and the patient should be sitting 2 to 3 ft from you and at eye level

2. Instruct the patient

-explain that you are testing peripheral vision. in this test the patient's visual fields will be tested against that of the examiner. The patient will alternately cover an eye and look directly into your open eye. a pen light will be moved into the patient's field of vision from 4 directions. the patient will indicate if when they can see the pen light by saying something like "now" or "yes".

3. Ask the patient to cover one eye with a card while you cover your opposite eye with a card.

4. Holding a penlight in one hand, extend your arm upward, and advance it in from the periphery to the midline point.

Findings: if the patient can not see the penlight at the same as you then it may indicate some loss of peripheral vision and the patient should be examined further.

5. Be sure to keep the penlight equidistant between the patient and yourself.

6. ask the patient to report when the object is first seen. Repeat the procedure upward, toward the nose, and downward. Then repeat the entire procedure with the other eye covered. This test assumes that the examiner has normal peripheral vision.

testing pupillary light reflex

-darken room and ask person to gaze into distance; this dilates pupils

-normally you will see constriction of same-sided pupil (a direct light reflex) and simultaneous constriction of other pupil (a consensual light reflex)

Testing eye movements

ask the child to look directly at your nose, keeping their head completely still while following your moving finger (up, down, right, left, far and toward their nose) with their eyes.

near-sighted

Term applied to a person who can clearly see nearby objects but not clearly see distant objects. The eyeball is elongated so that images focus in front rather than on the retina.

far-sighted

unable to see close objects clearly

BMI calculation

Weight x 703/ height (in) squared

Bacterial conjunctivitis

pink eye with pus, usually comes from respiratory or ear infection

Viral conjunctivitis

pink eye (watery not pus) , usually comes from cold or respiratory infection

Epidermis

outermost layer of skin

Dermis

middle layer of skin with hair follicles

Auscultation

listening to sounds of the body with a stethoscope

Asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

heart murmur

an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

lymphatic system organs

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Swollen lymph nodes might indicate

an infection as they can't trap as many microorganisms

opthalmoscope

Instrument used to examine the eyes

oximeter

instrument used to measure oxygen

Symptoms

the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong. Cramps, headache.

medical signs

temperature, blood pressure.

hematologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood

endocrinologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system

Physician Assistant

a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician

medical assistant

helps physicians examine and treat patients and performs tasks to keep offices running smoothly

medical technician

Uses sophisticated equipment and has different responsibilities. Some work directly with patients while others work in a lab.

patient advocate

one who speaks for and protects the rights of the patient

Nurse Practitioner

a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider

Registered Nurse

a licensed health care professional who works in a variety of health care settings

Licensed vocational (practical) nurse (LVN/LPN)

a nurse who practices under the supervision of a registered nurse, providing basic direct technical care to clients

Statins

lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

what blood disorder is usually anemic

Sickle cell

how to prevent type 2 diabetes

- low sugar lifestyle