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self-schema
our understanding of the framework of who we are that is built from experiences
ie. i am a future fbi employee who loves pizza
influences behavior: if we see ourselves as shy, we will interact less at a party
older siblings
caretakers, achievers, more traditional, and more responsible
younger siblings
rebels, creatives, unique
diversification
families thrive when siblings develop unique roles, reducing competition and conflict and allows everyone to feel valued for their role
social context
the people youre with and the roles you occupy can change your behavior and feelings
ie. more formal and responsible around your boss
independent view
prioritizes personal identity over group affiliation
US, Canada, and Western Europe
interdependent view
prioritizes connections with others and the group’s identity over their own identity
East Asia, South Asia, Africa, and Latin America
relational interdependent
focuses on the self connecting to other individuals
collective interdependent
focuses on the self in relation to social groups
women
interdependent, focus on connections and relationships with others, more attuned to social cues
men
independent, emphasizing personal achievement and autonomy, less attuned to social cues
how gender differences are reinforced
play styles as children, socialization, societal roles, and caregivers guiding girls towards collaborative and empathetic activities and boys towards competitive and individualistic activities
social comparison theory
people compare themselves to other to better understand their own opinions, abilities, and emotional states
downward social comparison
comparing ourselves to those who are worse off to make ourselves feel better
upward social comparison`
comparing ourselves to those who are better off to either motivate or discourage ourselves
self-esteem
a person’s overall sense of worth or value
trait self-esteem
long-term, stable sense of self-worth that endures across time and situations
eg. Sam is very confident in their behaviors and abilities
state self-esteem
temporary, changeable self-evaluations influenced by the situation
eg. Ross is feeling good about himself after acing an exam but then is insecure after a social misstep
actual self
who you think you are right now
ideal self
who you wish you could be
ought self
who you feel you should be based on responsibilities or others’ expectations
self-discrepancy theory
negative emotions arise when ought self conflicts with actual self
self-presentation
the big picture way of controlling how others see us
impression management
the specific strategies we use in the big picture to control how others see us
face
the public image of ourselves and what we want others to believe
eg. Maddie is always the funny one in the group, so even when she’s having a bad day, she maintains that face of being quirky
self-monitoring
the tendency to monitor one’s behavior to fit the current situation
high - often adjusts behavior for the situation
low - more consistent in their behavior, regardless of the situation
self-handicapping
engaging in self-defeating behaviors to have an excuse ready if one performs poorly or fails
eg. Ava procrastinates for her big exam so if she fails she can blame it on her lack of preparation and not herself
reflected self-appraisal
our beliefs about what others think about us
working self-concept
the immediate memory of our self-concept that is usually relevant to the situation we are in
self-stereotyping
characterizing yourself in terms of the traits and norms associated with a meaningful social group (ie. albanian > mean)
contingencies of self-worth
people’s self-esteem is contingent on their successes and failures in domains that are most important to their self-worth
self-enhancement
the desire to maintain, increase, or protect positive views of the self
better than average effect
people think they are above average on certain personality traits or abilities
self-verification theory
we strive for others to view us the way we view ourselves
Note 
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