GEOGRAPHY ALL YEAR 8 STUFF

ALL YEAR EIGHT STUFF GEOGRAPHYYY

butlers life cycle model

describes the life cycle of a tourism factor

exploration

small number of tourists, unspoiled, few facilities

involvement

locals visit, small, facilities

development

advertised, tourists, destination

consolidation

lots of tourists and facilities

stagnation

decline as it becomes run down

rejuvenation

rebranding, more tourists

decline

no new tourists

name three factors that affect the growth of tourism

price, weather, advertising

erosion

when rocks are worn away from natural causes

hydraulic action

the erosive force of water

abrasion

the process of wearing away over time

deposition

when materials carried by wind, water or other are dropped

headland

a point of land, typically high and with a steep drop, that extends out into a body of water

bay

coastal body of water which is partially surrounded by land which leads out to sea

beach

a landform along a coastline which separates the sea from the mainland

cliffs

a steep vertical or near vertical rock face

sea wall

a structure built along the coastline to protect the land from erosion and flooding

groynes

a shore protection structure built perpendicular to the shoreline of the coast (or river), over the beach and into the shoreface

tourism

the act of travelling from a different place to visit somewhere else

regeneration

the revitalisation of an area which has experienced a decline or decay

economy

the system by which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed within a specific region or area

conflict

when two or more opposing parties have a disagreement

precipitaion

water falling to earth from the atmosphere, as rain sleet hail, snow- an input to the drainage basin

condensation

water turning from a vapour to a liquid- results in the formation of clouds

evaporation

water turning from a liquid to gas (vapour)- an output from the drainage basin

interception

the catching of precipitation by vegetation before it reaches the ground

throughflow

water moving downhill through the soil towards a river

river flow

the volume of water moving down a river channel

transpiration

water is lost from plants and trees through the pores in the leaves, back into the atmosphere

groundwater flow

water that is deep under the ground and moves towards the river

infiltration

when water is absorbed into the upper layer of soil

surface storage

when water is stored on the surface in lakes, puddles and ponds

percolation

when water moves deeper down in the ground

water shed

the area of high land forming the edge of the drainage basin

tributary

a small river joins a large river

source

the starting point of a river

mouth

the point where a river joins a larger river

confluence

a point where 2 rivers meet

channel

where the river flows

drainage basin

the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

infiltration rate

how quickly water is absorbed into the upper layer of the soil

permeable

a material that allows water to pass through it

impermeable

a material that does not allow water through it

pore space

the amount of ‘free space’ within a material (e.g soil, rocks)- the gaps between solid particles

meander

a bend in a river

5-80 km thick

how thick is earth’s crust

2800 km thick

how thick is earth’s mantle

2100 km thick

how thick is earth’s outer core

1300 km thick

how thick is earth’s inner core

longitude

east to west

latitude

north to south

constuctive plate boundary

new crust is created here

destructive plate boundrary

crust is destroyed here

earthquake

a sudden release of stored energy in the earth’s crust. as tectonic plates rub, it creates friction and pressure between the 2 plates. when the pressure becomes too large, plates suddenly slip, causing shaking on the surface.

volcano

an opening in the earths crust, allows hot magma and ash to escape. molten rock from mantle rises to surface, normally 1-10 km underground. pressure builds in the chamber and is released through volcanic eruption.

natural hazard

a naturally occurring event, like an earthquake or flood, that poses a threat to people, property, or the environment

mantle

the thickest layer of Earth, situated between the crust and the core, and comprises mostly solid, hot, and dense rock that behaves like a viscous fluid over long periods. 

plate boundrary

the location where two or more tectonic plates meet, and it's characterised by significant geological activity like earthquakes and volcanoes. 

focus

the point within the Earth where the earthquake rupture starts, and where the seismic waves originate

Richter Scale

the scale which you use to measure how big an earthquake is

magma chamber

The location beneath the vent of a volcano where molten rock (magma) is stored prior to eruption

ash cloud

the cloud of ash which comes from a volcano after it erupts

tectonic hazard

a natural event, like an earthquake or volcanic eruption, caused by the movement and interaction of the Earth's tectonic plates

crust

the planet's outermost solid shell, comprising two types: continental and oceanic, and is the layer where we live and where most natural resources are found

magma

molten rock that exists beneath the earth’s surface

main vent

the central channel or opening in a volcano through which magma, rock fragments, and volcanic gases erupt from the Earth's surface

Mid- Atlantic ridge

a divergent plate boundrary in the atlantic ocean

core

the Earth's innermost layer, a sphere composed of a solid inner core and a liquid outer core, primarily made of iron and nicke

tectonic plate

a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock comprising Earth's crust and upper mantle, which move independently and are responsible for geological activity like earthquakes and volcanoes. 

epicentre

the point where an earthquake starts underground

seismic waves

the shockwaves made by earthquakes

crater

a bowl- or funnel-shaped depression that usually lies directly above the vent from which volcanic material is ejected

lava flow

streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent

geothermal energy

all energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the solid earth

what is this a diagram of

the arctic

what is this a diagram of

antarctica

of the north

what does ARKITOS mean

name 1 difference between the arcitc and antarctica

arctic is an ocean surrounded by land. Antarctica is a continent surrounded by oceans

they both have extreme cold temperatures

name 1 similarity between the arctic and antarctica

Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan

name 3 countries that used to be a part of the Soviet Union

name 3 key elements of weather

air pressure, wind direction, precipitaiton

weather

the day to day change in the atmosphere.

climate

the average weather, calculated from a period of 30 or more years

population density

the average amount of people living in one km2 of a country

population distribution

the pattern of where people live

describe the population density of Russia

in the south west it is very densly populated because of the capital city being there as well as being closer to europe. in the north east, it is very sparsely populated because there is less resources and it is colder

diaspora

the spread or migration of people from their original homeland

superpower

a very powerful or influential country that has a great deal of control over it’s neighbours

warm-water port

a port where water does not freeze in winter, which allows ships to use it throughout the year

kievan rus

a group of historic kingdoms which eventually merged to form russia

trade bloc

a group of countries that work together to trade with each other and to protect their economies from other outside countries

allys

a country that cooperates with another for military or other purposes

soviet union

a larger country which was a communist country

1. indigenous tribes

2. native animals

3. global warming

give 3 impacts oil drilling in the arctic could have

66 ½ degrees North

the arctic circle coordinates

66 ½ degrees south

antarctic circle

Russia is one of the world’s largest producers of oil and gas

give me 1 fact about russia’s oil and gas