Bio N165 Brain Disorders and Behaviors Quiz 1 Review

gyrus

a ridge of cerebral cortex

The Cafe Illusion

An example of the concept of a constructive brain where our visual system detects overall features of an image. Information of small parts of the visual scene is received and the brain interprets this slanting on a broader scale. The illusion demonstrates the effect of some simple image processing.

sulcus (central sulcus)

gyrus

hippocampus

the most ancient part of the cerebral cortex and has at most three layers.

relative variations in thickness or cell type

What allows us to distinguish between different neocortical architentonic fields?

Cortical sheet

What is the surface covering of the brain?

cerebellum

What structure is that? (Hint: involved in error-correction, balance and motor control

Sulcus

a valley of cerebral cortex

Cortical Sheet

the outer surface covering of cerebral cortex, composed of gray matter (neuron cell bodies)

Cerebral Cortex

the large, folded part of the brain that sits above the cerebellum and brainstem, made up of gray and white matter

cerebellum

the small, highly ridged portion of the brain that sits inferior to the cerebral cortex and posterior to the brain stem

may correspond to differences in behavior i.e. more reliance of olfactory lobes

What do differences in frontal lobe sizes, olfactory bulb size, and amount of brain folding across species tell us?

anterior

towards the front

Posterior

towards the back

superior

towards the top

inferior

towards the bottom

lateral

What view is this?

medial

What view would this be?

dorsal (for brain)

towards the top

ventral (for brain)

What view of the brain would this be?

rostral (for brain)

towards the front

caudal (for brain)

towards the back

sagittal (mid-sagittal)

a vertical slice of the brain cut down the center form the anterior to the posterior giving a view from left or right

coronal (frontal)

plane gives superior to inferior giving a view from the front or back of the brain

axial (transverse, horizontal)

plane forms a view from the top or bottom of the brain

Central Nervous System

this system is composed of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous system

composed of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the limbs, trunk, and internal organs

Autonomous nervous system

a subdivision of the PNS that ocntrols visceral functions; includes parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. This system is divided into sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) subsystems.

Parasympathetic ANS

this division of the ANS maintains rest

Sympathetic ANS

this division of the ANS prepares for action

cranial nerves

a set of 12 specialized nerves that act as the PNS (motor control and sensory info) to the head and neck

meninges

the three protective layers of tissue between the brain and the spinal cord, protects CNS

CNS

This system is within the meninges

PNS

This system is outside the meninges, we see regeneration here

Layers of meninges

the three layers of this structure are dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

dura mater

the durable, leathery outer protective layer of the meninges

The two divisions of the dura mater

periosteal and meningeal dura mater

Arachnoid mater

the spider web-like middle protective layer of the meninges that is filled with CSF

Pia mater

the thin, shiny, inner protective layer of the meninges that "shrink wraps" the brain

Frontal lobe

the anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, involved in emotion, cognition, and executive control

Parietal lobe

the superior posterior portion of the cerebral cortex superior to the occipital and temporal lobes, posterior to the frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

the inferior portion of the cerebral cortex, anterior to the occipital love and inferior to the others

Occipital lobe

the posterior portion of the cerebral cortex, primarily involved in vision processing

Central Sulcus

the sulcus dividing the frontal and parietal lobes, surrounded on each side by motor and sensory cortex

lateral fissure

the gap that divides the temporal from the frontal and parietal lobes

Parieto-occipital sulcus

the sulcus that divides the parietal and occipital lobes

Pre-occipital notch

the notch that serves as the bottom point of the imaginary dividing line between the temporal and occipital lobes

motor cortex

what cortex is highlighted here?

somatosensory cortex

what cortex is highlighted here?

auditory cortex

what cortex is highlighted here?

visual cortex

what cortex is highlighted here?

gray matter

outer 'bark' of the cerebral cortex composed of neuronal cell bodies; this is where computations happen; much of the cortex consists of six layers

White matter

inner region of cerebral cortex composed of the axons of the neurons with cell bodies in the gray matter

cell bodies of gray matter

there are 6 layers across most of the thorax where each layer is different with distinct neuron types, different thickness, and it varies throughout cortex in a regular way. Each layer serves a different function i.e. input, processing, output; thus, reconstruct information differently.

sparse coding

what we see in the brain where incoming inputs or information decrease the number of neurons firing

neuron

the basic cell in the brain that processes and transmits information in the form of electrical and chemical signals

dendrite

the branched portion of a neuron which receives inputs from synapses with other cells and sends small depolarizations towards the cell body

cell body

the "main" portion of a cell that contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles necessary for the cell to survive; contains the summation of inputs

axon hillock

the base of the axon, where it meets the cell body of the neuron; action potentials are initiated here

axon

the long cell structure that carries depolarizations away from the cell body of a neuron to the synapse

axon terminal

the very end of a branch of a neuron's axon, specialized to release neurotransmitters from from vesicles into the synapse in response to an action potential for communication

glial cell

surround neurons in CNS and PNS and provide myelination as well as other support for them; most abundant cell types in CNS. types differ between CNS and PNS i.e. CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia; PNS: satellite cells schwann cells

myelin sheath

a layer of protective tissue wrapped around axons of neurons to hasten the transmission of action potentials

neuronal communication

includes electrical conduction along the axon and chemical transmission via neurotransmitter release at the synapse

classification of neuronal cell types

cells that undergo histochemical staining techniques and that are classified based on their size, shape, and function; main cell found in white matter

action potential

an all-or-none phenomenon, it is a wave of electricity that travels down the axon of a neuron transmitting information via spike rate

intracellular fluid

the fluid inside the cell membrane

extracellular fluid

the fluid outside the membrane

electrical potential

the difference in voltage between the intra- and extracellular fluid; this difference is created by the passive and active movement of charged ions across the cell membrane i.e. K+, Na+, Ca2+; potential is carried by these ions.

Information is transmitted between neurons by _____, not strength.

rate

At rest, the potential hovers around _____.

-70 mV

corpus callosum

the main connection of white matter that is integral for communication between the two cerebral hemispheres

Cerebral Spinal fluid

the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that cushions the nervous system; fluid is similar to blood plasma; occupies subarachnoid space.

ventricle

CSF filled cavities in the brain in which CSF flows through, there are four total structures of these

choroid plexus

the specialized cells lining the ventricles responsible for the creation of CSF

Lumbar Puncture

an invasive method to withdraw CSF for testing from a low part of the spinal column just below the spinal cord

Arachnoid Granulations

the bubble-like portions of the arachnoid mater into the draining venous sinus system that are responsible for the removal of CSF from around the brain; CSF is 'recycled' into the blood system (CSF absorption); these act as one-way valves where normally, the pressure of CSF is higher than the venous system.

Hydrocephalus

[water on the brain] disorder of CSF causing problems with CSF flow or reuptake; leads to head enlargement, developmental or acquired; primarily treated with a shunt to siphon CSF away from the brain into the abdomen. This can be congenital or acquired

hydrocephalus ex vacuo

large spaces develop inside cortex due to loss of cortical tissue - 'cortical atrophy' seen in dementia; NOT really hydrocephalus, atrophy is incited.

non-communicating hydocephalus

hydrocephalus caused by a something obstructing the normal flow of CSF; CSF behind obstruction would increase in pressure; blockages can be from things like a tumor/mass or clot of blood/infection; whole pressure system does not communicate therefore CSF production continues where the flow passed the block is normal

Chiari malformation

this is an anatomical/congenital condition in which the brain tissue extends into spinal cord and occurs when there is an abnormality pressing on the brain and forcing it downward; CSF is blocked; discontinuous hydrocephaly.

Communicating hydrocephalus

hydrocephalus caused by a problem with the normal uptake/reabsorption of CSF through the arachnoid granulations; whole CSF system would have increased in pressure

shunt (ventriculoperitoneal shunt)

in brain disorders, a shunt is a tube placed under the skin (decreasing risk of infection) drainage to abdominal cavity allows for fluid to be safely reabsorbed by the body, as seen in hydrocephalus (ventriculoperitoneal shunt) and strokes (intraventricular shunt)

circle of willis

a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. this arrangement of blood vessels allows for the collateral blood flow to the brain

Arteries of Circle of Willis

internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, and basliar artery.

carotid artery

a blood vessel that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood. there are two arteries, one on each side. they supply blood to the lateral and frontal part of the brain; artery divides in the neck into the internal (supplies circle of willis) and external (the artery you take a pulse from on the neck)

Vertebral artery

a blood vessel that runs up the back of the neck. there are two vertebral arteries, one on each side, that join at the base of the skull to form the basilar artery. these vessels supply the posterior part of the brain. This artery goes through many twists and turns; can cause turbulent blood flow and thus increase risk of thrombus development.

basilar artery

the artery that supplies the pons, cerebellum, posterior cerebrum, and inner ear. this vessel is formed by the merging of the vertebral arteries

middle cerebral artery

the artery that supply oxygen to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes; strokes here can affect leg use. A stroke here can cause large amount of brain swelling as part of the inflammatory response (broken blood brain barrier)

stroke

rapid loss of brain tissue and function as a result of disruption/lack of the blood supply to the brain

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

'mini stroke' same wide-range of possible symptoms as a stroke, but symptoms are only temporary, lack of O2 in the brain

ischemia

lack of oxygen arising form restriction in blood supply

ischemic stroke

a stroke resulting from restriction of blood flow and lack of oxygen into a region of brain tissue

thrombus

a clot or atherosclerotic plaque that forms in place within a blood vessel obstructing blood flow. this can close off blood flow at the place it forms or may break apart to form an embolus

embolus

a moving clot that then lodges in a small vessel

carotid stenosis

abnormal narrowing of the carotid artery often caused by atherosclerotic plaque formation; common site of obstruction

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke

Primary symptom from this specific stroke would be leg weakness for example, so what artery did this stroke manifest?

Anterior cerebral artery

is one of a pair of arteries on the brain that supplies oxygenated blood to most midline portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes.

Hemorrhage

bleeding, the loss of blood from the circulatory system