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Hybridization
The mixing of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals for bonding.
Molecular Polarity Determinants
Electronegativity differences and molecular shape.
Nonpolar Molecular Shapes
if all outer atoms are the same.
Intermolecular Forces
the forces that hold groups of molecules together
London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)
Weak forces caused by temporary electron shifts, present in all molecules, strongest in large nonpolar molecules.
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Attractions between permanent dipoles in polar molecules.
Hydrogen Bonding
A strong dipole-dipole attraction between H and N, O, or F.
Weakest Intermolecular Force
London Dispersion Forces.
Strongest Intermolecular Force
Hydrogen Bonding.
VSEPR Theory
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory states electron pairs arrange themselves to minimize repulsion, determining molecular shape.
Main Principle of VSEPR Theory
Electron pairs (bonding and lone pairs) repel each other and adopt a geometry that maximizes distance.
Polar molecules
Electrons unevenly shared
