H

Hybridization

The mixing of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals for bonding.

Molecular Polarity Determinants

Electronegativity differences and molecular shape.

Nonpolar Molecular Shapes

if all outer atoms are the same.

Intermolecular Forces

the forces that hold groups of molecules together

London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)

Weak forces caused by temporary electron shifts, present in all molecules, strongest in large nonpolar molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractions between permanent dipoles in polar molecules.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong dipole-dipole attraction between H and N, O, or F.

Weakest Intermolecular Force

London Dispersion Forces.

Strongest Intermolecular Force

Hydrogen Bonding.

VSEPR Theory

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory states electron pairs arrange themselves to minimize repulsion, determining molecular shape.

Main Principle of VSEPR Theory

Electron pairs (bonding and lone pairs) repel each other and adopt a geometry that maximizes distance.

Polar molecules

Electrons unevenly shared