Nueroanatomy Quiz 5

Prefrontal cortex

personality, insight, and foresight

The Prefrontal cortex…

Integrates information from sensory association areas

The Prefrontal cortex…

Performs abstract intellectual activities (predicting consequences of events or action)

Insular cortex

lies medial to lateral sulcus/facilitates concept of self awareness

Gray matter

in cerebral cortex and basal nuclei/ cell bodies and dendrites

White matter

deep to basal cortex, around basal nuclei/myelin

What are the 3 types of fibers of white matter?

association, commissural, and projection fibers.

What is the function, example, and white matter role for Association fibers?

• Function: Connect different regions of the same hemisphere.

• Example: Connecting the frontal lobe with the occipital lobe.

• White Matter Role: Myelinated axons allow for fast communication between regions, supporting functions like memory, learning, and sensory integration.

What is the function, example, and white matter role for Commissural Fibers?

• Function: Connect corresponding regions between the left and right hemispheres.

• Example: The corpus callosum and the anterior commissure are major bundles of commissural fibers.

• White Matter Role: Enables the exchange of information between hemispheres, supporting coordinated movements and shared cognitive functions..

What is the function, example, and white matter role for Projection Fibers?

• Function: Connect the cerebral cortex to lower brain structures like the brainstem, spinal cord, or thalamus.

• Example: The internal capsule contains projection fibers carrying motor commands and sensory information.

• White Matter Role: Facilitates long-range communication by transmitting signals efficiently over longer distances within the nervous system.

Where is the Primary visual cortex located

occipital lobe

Where is the Primary somatosensory cortex located

parietal and post central gyrus

Where is the Primary motor cortex located

frontal lobe, precentral gyrus

Where is the Auditory cortex located

surface of temporal gyrus

Where is the Olfactory cortex located

ventral surface of temporal

Where is the Gustatory cortex located

inferior frontal lobe, deep in the sylvian fissure

What is the function of the Temporal lobe

olfaction, auditory, memory, and emotions

Case study: woman who had a small discrete lesion in her visual association area, lost the ability to put letters into words. Importance of association areas.

What does the case study suggest about the role of the visual association areas?

Is responsible for interpreting visual information, including recognizing letters and forming words

Case study: woman who had a small discrete lesion in her visual association area, lost the ability to put letters into words. Importance of association areas.

Why are association areas important in brain function?

Integrate and interpret info from primary sensory areas, enabling complex tasks like reading, writing, and recognizing objects.

What is the significance of the split brain experiment?

It demonstrated that the left hemisphere is responsible for language, reading, and decision-making, while the right hemisphere is essential for analyzing features and recognizing objects.

MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging):

brain imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain(spatial resolution)

fMRI

computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods

PET (Positron emission tomography):

brain imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity

EEG

electrodes are placed on the skull, patterns of electrical activity (brain waves) are printed out

➢ CT (computed tomography):

brain imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain - seeing bone and blood.

Alpha waves

found in healthy, awake adults at rest with eyes closed

Beta Waves:

Higher frequency, found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed

Theta waves:

Found in children, found in intensely frustrated adults, may indicate brain disorder in adults

Delta Waves:

During sleep, found in awake adults with brain damage

Wernicke’s area (general interpretive area) is located in

parietal (spatial orientation/perception of spatial orientation) and temporal lobes (general interpretive area/language interpretive area) -inflection,visual cues, auditory cues, auditory association area to put into context

Broca’s area is located in the —- and function is ——

-left inferior frontal lobe near the precentral gyrus. Ability to speak words.

-Middle cerebral artery: Blood supply for Broca’s area

How would a lesion affect someone in broca

cannot speak/write production is impaired

How would a lesion affect someone in wernicke

comprehension is impaired

Order of Visual Pathway:

Optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, LGN, optic radiation, occipital lobe

Olfactory pathway

Olfactory bulb--olfactory tract---olfactory cortex

Lesion in the optic chiasm would result in

tunnel vision